The Industrial Revolution

Origins-When, Where, Why, and How!  From the roughly  Begins in Britain, spreads through Europe, Asia, and to the United States  A turning point-major changes in society and how people lived their lives

3 Reasons it was Possible 1.a second agricultural revolution. 2. a population explosion. 3. the development of new technology.

The BEFORE  Time before the Revolution used what was called the “Domestic System”  Domestic means home- home based system  Small farming by individual families Subsistence agriculture-  survival NOT profit  Family involved in the producing: Made their own food, clothes, and tools

How? What led to Industrialization? The Agricultural Revolution  Enclosure movement-  fencing off common lands into individual holdings  Larger scale faming  Experimentation with new techniques-  Seed drill: plant seeds into rows  crop rotation: alternating the types of crops and areas where you plant  Results?  Less waste of land  More food  Less of the labor force was tied to farming Freed up people to work in the factories, move into cities

The Population Explosion The population boom of the 1700s was due more to declining death rates than to rising birthrates.  The agricultural revolution reduced the risk of famine.  Because they ate better, women were healthier and had stronger babies.  In the 1800s, better hygiene and sanitation, along with improved medical care, further limited deaths from disease.

New Technology New sources of energy, along with new materials, enabled business owners to change the way work was done. AN ENERGY REVOLUTION — During the 1700s, people began to harness new sources of energy.  Thomas Newcomen developed a steam engine powered by coal.  James Watt improved on the steam engine. IMPROVED IRON — Coal was used to produce iron, a material needed for construction of machines and steam engines.  The Darby family of England developed methods to produce better quality, less expensive iron.

The Factory System and Mechanization  Use of machines to increase production  Flow of innovation leads to spinning mill  Workers + Machines=Factory System

The Birth of Factories-Why Britain? 1.HUMAN RESOURCES  Workers, a large population in need of work 2.NATURAL RESOURCES  Access to coal, cotton, iron 3.FINANCIAL RESOURCES  Capital- money to invest in factories 4.MARKETS  Place to sell goods (colonies) 5.STABLE GOVERNMENT  Allowed and encouraged business 6.NEW INVENTIONS  Center of technological development Britain had the basic resources needed for industrialization, They combined the components of a factory first

What is a factory?  Factories: places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods  “The same [amount] of labor is now performed in one of these structures which formerly occupied the industry of an entire district.”

Changes in the Textile Industry The new machines were too large and expensive to be operated at home. Thus, the putting out system was replaced by the first factories, places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods. The flying shuttle allowed weaves to work much faster. The spinning jenny spun many threads at the same time. The waterframe used water power to speed up spinning still further. As the demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with a series of remarkable inventions that revolutionized the British textile industry.

The Cotton Cycle and Slavery - British Cotton Trade about 1850

Revolution in Transportation As production increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods of moving goods from place to place. Turnpikes, or toll roads, canals, stronger bridges, and upgraded harbors all helped to improve transportation. The invention of the steam locomotive made possible the growth of railroads. Robert Fulton used the steam engine to power the first steamboat.

Capitalism and Laissez-Faire Economics  As the industrial revolution took hold, a brand new economic system developed: CAPITALISM  Father of Capitalism is Adam Smith, he wrote the “bible of capitalism” called The Wealth of Nations in 1776  Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo all believed in LAISSEZ-FAIRE: no government control/regulation of economy  There should be zero government role in economics, even if that meant allowing for child labor and worker exploitation  All prices and wages would be determined by competition in the FREE MARKET

Laissez-Faire Economics ADAM SMITHTHOMAS MALTHUSDAVID RICARDO A free market would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone. A growing economy would encourage capitalists to reinvest profits in new ventures. Population would outpace the food supply. As long as the population kept increasing, the poor would suffer. People should have fewer children. The “iron law of wages” said that when wages were high, families had more children. More children meant a greater labor supply, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment.

The Ugly Side of Capitalism  While capitalism rewards hard work, with workers being motivated by profit, this motivator breeds GREED.  Capitalists argue that there should be classes, some rich, some middle, some poor-it was necessary for the system  The idea that the class system was inevitable was known as SOCIAL DARWINISM: only the strong will survive, the poor are poor for a reason-its their own fault  As problems mounted and factory life worsened many began to criticize capitalism and wanted to government to step in to fix the problems of the industrial revolution

Communism as an Alternative  Father of Communism is Karl Marx, he wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 with Friedrich Engles  Communism calls for the complete and total control of the economy and business activity  According to the Communist Manifesto, the “proletariat” (workers) would rise up in revolution against greedy Capitalists

Utilitarianism and Socialism UTILITARIANISM The idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens. Jeremy Bentham supported individual freedom, but saw the need for government involvement under certain circumstances. John Stuart Mill wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class. SOCIALISM The people as a whole, rather than private individuals, own and operate the means of production. The Utopians wanted to build self-sufficient communities in which all work was shared and all property owned in common. Robert Owen set up a model community in Scotland and put Utopian ideas into practice.

Capitalism vs. Communism CapitalismCommunism Definition:Economic system in which individuals rather than governments control the ‘factors of production’. Communism calls for the complete and total control of the economy and business activity “means of production” (factories, equipment, supplies) is owned by: Owned by individuals who invested their own money and used their own ideas. Owned by the government Goal:Goal of a capitalist society: PROFIT, owners invest to make a profit and it is profit that motivates individual workers. Goal of a communist society: EQUALITY, a classless society of shared wealth.