Second Lesson

 By the end of the 17th century, wood was becoming less available. England and Ireland had once been covered by deciduous forests. For centuries these natural forests had been destroyed to provide the population with fuel. Now Ireland's supply was exhausted and England's forests were greatly diminished. There had been unsuccessful attempts to ship in timber from New England. In order to supply the demand, wood was now imported from Sweden and Russia. Wood had become an expensive commodity.

 Using goal instead of wood as an energy source  Gave birth to the coal mining industry and provided an alternative energy source.  Coal is a cheap source of energy and is used by countries like China and India today. However all efforts are being made to replace this very dirty source of energy with other cleaner energy sources like Nuclear Energy and Hydro energy.

 Britain developed the main techniques of underground coal mining Britain  Very dangerous work. There were to workplace regulation or compensation for injury or death.  Fires, explosions and cave-ins caused many deaths and injuries

 As coal mining was growing, flooding was becoming a big concern. The coal mines frequently got flooded causing death and injury.  Newcomen and Calley created the first practical steam engine for pumping water out of the coal mines, the Newcomen steam engine. Newcomen steam engine  By 1775 about 600 Newcomen engines had been built, although many of these had worn out before then, and been abandoned or replaced.

 The Newcomen Engine was by no means an efficient machine, although it was probably as complicated as engineering and materials techniques of the early eighteenth century could support. Much heat was lost when condensing the steam  Newcomen's engine was gradually replaced after 1775 in areas where coal was expensive (especially in Cornwall) by an improved design, invented by James WattCornwall James Watt

 19 January 1736 – 25 August 1819  While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and re- heating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost- effectiveness of steam engines. He developed the concept of horsepower. ] The watt, was named after him. ]

In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a pump with hand- operated valves for use in extracting water that built up in coal mines. This water build up was affecting the availability of coal. Englishman Thomas Newcomen developed a better steam engine in 1712 that used a piston to separate condensing steam from the water. In 1765 James Watt improved the Newcomen engine by adding a separate condenser to avoid heating and cooling the cylinder with each stroke

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 Richard Trevithick in England was the first to use steam power on a railway. In 1803 he built a steam locomotive that operated in Wales. British engineer George Stephenson, in 1829, successfully adapted the steam engine to passenger railways. William Symington of Scotland built the first practical steamboat in Robert Fulton developed and used a passenger boat in the United States in 1807.

 Robert Fulton's Clermont went from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip taking 32 hours at an average speed of about 5 miles-per-hour.

 Used to power the water wheel used to power the cotton mills. Further increasing the production of cotton and causing the textile industry to grow even more.  Make transportation faster allowed not only good and services to be transported over longer distanced in a shorter period of time. Also allowing people migration and transportation.

 Steam engines are still used today to help run nuclear power plants.  The Watt - a unit of power familiar today when dealing with light bulbs - was named after James Watt.  James Watt came up with the term 'horsepower' as a way to help explain how much work his steam engines could do for a potential buyer.

 Industrial revolution was categorized by a doubling of national income which is measured by GDP.  GDP = gross domestic product measures the amount of products or services produced by a country in a specific period of time, usually a year. Still used to as an economic measuring tool today.

 New inventions allowed for faster and more efficient production of goods. Driving the price of production down and allowing for more products to be produced at the same cost.  Increased production drove the price of goods down making things more affordable.

 Prior to the 17th century, the manufacture of goods was performed on a limited scale by individual workers. This was usually on their own premises and goods were transported around the country by horse, or by river. In the early 18th century, artisans were inventing ways to become more productive. Silk, Wool, Fustian, were being eclipsed by Cotton which was becoming the most important textile.SilkWool FustianCotton

 Standard of living measures the financial health of a population, is measured by the quantity of consumption by the members of that population.financial healthpopulation quantityconsumptionmembers  The more a person can afford to buy the higher their standard of living considered to be…  Generally categorized by higher income.  Industrial revolution was categorized by growing standard of living

 Initial work suggested that real wages rose by approximately 50 percent between 1780 and 1830

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