The Showdown…

States vs National Government Who reigns supreme? “This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding” “This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding” Article VI, Section 2 Article VI, Section 2

Supremacy United States Constitution United States Constitution Acts of Congress and Treaties Acts of Congress and Treaties State Constitutions State Constitutions State Statutes State Statutes City and County Charters and Ordinances City and County Charters and Ordinances

New States Only Congress can admit new states Only Congress can admit new states Requirements: Requirements: Cannot create a new state which takes territory from one or more of the existing States without the consent of the legislature(s) of the State(s) involved Cannot create a new state which takes territory from one or more of the existing States without the consent of the legislature(s) of the State(s) involved

How a State is formed State asks Congress for admission State asks Congress for admission Congress passes an enabling act Congress passes an enabling act An act directing the people of the territory to frame a proposed State Constitution An act directing the people of the territory to frame a proposed State Constitution Convention prepares Constitution Convention prepares Constitution Popular vote by the people Popular vote by the people Submitted to Congress for consideration Submitted to Congress for consideration If Congress still agrees to Statehood – Act of Admission If Congress still agrees to Statehood – Act of Admission Act which creates State Act which creates State President Signs President Signs Congress can set conditions Congress can set conditions Utah = Outlaw Polygamy Utah = Outlaw Polygamy

National and State Cooperation

National to States GRANTS!!! GRANTS!!! Grants-in-aid programs Grants-in-aid programs Grants of federal money or other resources to the States and/or their cities, counties, and other local units Grants of federal money or other resources to the States and/or their cities, counties, and other local units Why? Why? These governments are often cash-strapped These governments are often cash-strapped Help them perform large share of their everyday functions Help them perform large share of their everyday functions Land Grants Land Grants Colleges/universities, public schools, roads and canals, etc. Colleges/universities, public schools, roads and canals, etc. Cash Grants Cash Grants Many areas Many areas Education, mass transit, highway construction, health care, on-the-job training, etc. Education, mass transit, highway construction, health care, on-the-job training, etc. Today = $275 billion Today = $275 billion 25% of state and local government spending 25% of state and local government spending What are some dangers of the grants-in-aid programs? What are some dangers of the grants-in-aid programs?

3 Types of Grants-in-Aid Categorical Categorical Block Block Project Project

Categorical Grants made for some specific, closely defined purpose Grants made for some specific, closely defined purpose Strings attached: Strings attached: State must use for the defined purpose State must use for the defined purpose State must make their own monetary contribution State must make their own monetary contribution Provide an agency to administer the grant Provide an agency to administer the grant Obey a set of guidelines tailored to the particular purpose for which the money is given Obey a set of guidelines tailored to the particular purpose for which the money is given

Block More broadly defined purposes More broadly defined purposes Fewer strings attached Fewer strings attached States have more freedom on how and on what to spend the money States have more freedom on how and on what to spend the money

Project To States, localities, private agencies that apply To States, localities, private agencies that apply

Other National Aid

State Aid

Activity Get into 5 groups Get into 5 groups Find 2 examples of each type of grant Find 2 examples of each type of grant Categorical, block, project Categorical, block, project Briefly explain each grant Briefly explain each grant What it provides What it provides How it fits the definition of that type of grant How it fits the definition of that type of grant