Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1

Anatomy - Internal and external structure - Physical relationships among body parts Microscopic anatomy Study of: Gross anatomy

Physiology Study of: - human body function Most physiological processes occur to maintain “Homeostasis”

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis “Steady State” Maintain stable internal conditions regardless of external environment Temperature Blood pressure Ionic concentrations Blood sugar levels, etc. But there is a challenge…

Homeostasis STRESS Feedback Mechanisms: Control system Response (effect) = anything that disrupts homeostasis Stress (stimulus)

Homeostatic Regulation Negative Feedback: Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response Response opposes stimulus (& therefore negates effect)

Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback: Homeostasis Stress Results in loss of homeostasis Negative feedback response Results in return to homeostasis

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Sends commands to Information affects CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 o 30 o 40 o Figure of 6

Homeostatic Regulation Positive Feedback: Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback: Homeostasis Stress Results in loss of homeostasis Positive feedback response Further loss of homeo- stasis

Levels of Organization Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Figure of 7 Chemical

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Figure of 7 Cellular

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Figure of 7 Tissue Epithelial tissues Connective tissues Muscle tissues Neural (nervous) tissue

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Figure of 7 Organ

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Figure of 7 Organ System

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Organism Level Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Figure of 7 Organism

Overview of Organ Systems The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems: Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomical Landmarks & Regions Figure 1-6(a)

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position Hands at side Palms forward Feet together Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional Terms Superior Inferior

Directional Terms Superior Inferior Cephalic Cranial Caudal

Directional Terms Superior Inferior Cephalic Cranial Caudal Anterior or ventral Posterior or dorsal

Directional Terms Superior Inferior Cephalic Cranial Caudal Anterior or ventral Posterior or dorsal Proximal Distal

Directional Terms Superior Inferior Cephalic Cranial Caudal Anterior or ventral Posterior or dorsal Proximal Distal Lateral Medial Proximal Distal

Directional Terms Superficial Deep Ipsilateral Contralateral Bilateral Prone Supine

Body Planes & Sections Sagittal Midsagittal parasagittal Coronal/Frontal Cross-section Longitudinal Transverse Plane

Body Cavities Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral body cavity

Body Cavities Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity into: Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Mediastinum Pericardial cavity

Membranes of the Ventral Cavity Pleura Pericardium Double layered “serous membranes”: -outer “Parietal” layer lines cavity wall -inner “Visceral” layer covers the organ(s) within the cavity

Membranes of the Ventral Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Mediastinum Pericardial cavity

Ventral Body Cavity Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal Pelvic

Membranes of the Ventral Cavity Double layered serous membrane in the abdominal cavity: Peritoneum -outer “Parietal Peritoneum”- lines cavity wall -inner “Visceral Peritoneum”- covers the organ(s) within the cavity

The Metric System Standard system of measurement used in science & around the world Based on units of 10 Utilizes a standard metric unit depending upon whether you are measuring length – meter (m) volume – liter (L) mass – gram (g)

The Metric System The standard units of measurement (m, L, g) can be modified by the addition of a prefix, which will change the value of the measurement The most commonly used prefixes include:  mega (M) = 1,000,000  kilo (k) – 1000  centi (c) – 1/100  milli (m) – 1/1000  micro ( u ) – 1/1,000,000  nano (n) – 1/1,000,000,000

The Metric System Multiply------>---->----> _l__l_ l__l____l____l_____l______l____l___l___l__l__l__l__l__l M k h dk "unit“ d c m u n (m/l/g) <------<------< Divide

The Metric System To change from smaller units --> larger units, you must DIVIDE by the appropriate factor of 10 (because there or less larger units that fit into the number). ie: 1 millimeter (1mm) = 1/1000 meters = m 5 millimeters (5mm) = 5/10 centimeters (cm) = 0.5 cm Note:dividing a number by a factor of 10 is the same thing as moving the decimal point to the LEFT.

The Metric System To change from larger units --> smaller units, you must MULTIPLY by the appropriate factor of 10 (because there are more smaller units that go into the number). ie:5 km = 5,000 m 3 kg (kilograms) = 3,000,000 mg (milligrams) = 3x 10 6 mg Note: multiplying a number by a factor of 10 is the same as moving the decimal to the RIGHT.