©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 12 Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts. William Shakespeare

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Self-Regulation

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Self-Regulation Can be observed in children beginning about age 2 and increasing with age Refers to – the ability to delay gratification – sustain attention to a task – plan and self-monitor a goal-directed activity

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Emotional Regulation Antisocial Behavior – Any behavior that harms other people, such as aggression, violence, or crime Prosocial Behavior – Any behavior that benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, and/or cooperation

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Emotional Regulation Aggression – Unprovoked attack, fight, or quarrel Altruism – Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another person or group of people without the actor’s anticipation of external rewards

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Aggression: Theories Biological – Evolution – Genetics Social Cognitive – Learning theory – Modeling – Media – Parenting style – Information processing

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Aggression: Theories Sociocultural – Peers – Community Ecological

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Inhibiting Aggression Organize the environment Establish standards and consequences for behavior Provide alternative ways of solving problems Provide positive role models Encourage discussion

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Altruism: Theories Biological Social Cognitive – Learning theory – Instruction – Learning by doing

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Altruism: Theories Cognitive Developmental – Perspective-taking and reasoning Social Interaction – Communication – Parenting Style Sociocultural

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Morality

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Morality Moral code develops through social interaction Reflects one’s level of intellectual development as well as attitudes

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Morality ThoughtFeelingBehavior

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Piaget Heteronomous Morality – Children think of rules as moral absolutes that cannot be changed. Autonomous Morality – Children realize that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them.

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Kohlberg StageSubstageClassification Level I: PreconventionalStage 1Heteronomous morality Stage 2Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange Level II: ConventionalStage 3Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity Stage 4Social system and conscience Level III: Postconventional Stage 5Social contract or utility and individual rights Stage 6Universal ethical principles

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Gilligan Justice moral perspective – Emphasizes the rights of the individual; When individuals conflict, equitable rules of justice must prevail. Care moral perspective – Views people in terms of their connectedness to others; Others’ welfare is intrinsically connected to one’s own.

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Moral Development Is influenced by – Temperament – Self-control – Self-esteem – Age/intelligence – Education – Social interaction – Emotions – Family variables

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Gender Roles

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sex Typing Classification into gender roles based on biological sex

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Theories Psychoanalytic – How one comes to feel like a male or female Social Cognitive – How one comes to behave like a male or female

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Theories Cognitive-Developmental – How one comes to reason about oneself as a male or female Gender Schema – How one comes to process information about oneself as a male or female by perceiving and interpreting gender- linked information

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Influences Family Peers School Community Mass Media

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Gender Role Identity FamilyPeersSchoolCommunity Mass media