Nucleotides: the subunits of DNA

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Presentation transcript:

Nucleotides: the subunits of DNA

The four DNA bases G C A T

DNA strand: polymer of nucleotides

DNA Double Helix

Examples of proteins Protein Role alpha-keratin component of hair beta-keratin component of scales insulin regulates blood glucose level actin & myosin muscle contraction DNA polymerase synthesis of DNA ATP synthase makes ATP hemoglobin transport of oxygen endonuclease cuts DNA (restriction enzyme)

EcoRI – restriction enzyme

Hemoglobin: carrier of oxygen

Mutant -globin  Sickle blood cells Fiber of sickle hemoglobin Sickle and normal blood cells

Normal blood flow

Sickle cell complications

The alphabet of protein: 20 amino acids

Protein: polymer of amino acids

Nucleotides vs. Amino Acids Both made up of “backbone” and “residue” parts

The inaccessible code DNA is in the nucleus Proteins are (mostly) made in the cytoplasm

Decoding a codon: UGG Only one way to code for tryptophan

Decoding codons: AGC & AGU Both code for serine!

Stop codons Don’t code for an amino acid They terminate translation

RNA vs. DNA structure DNA RNA linear polymer double-stranded single-stranded deoxyribonucleotide monomer ribonucleotide A,C,G,T bases A,C,G,U bases

Transcription: DNARNA

DNA RNA Protein The Central Dogma replication transcription translation Protein