Chapter 4

04.01 The interaction between the Old World and the New World, originating with the voyages of Columbus, is known as: 1. deep ecology 2. Columbian Exchange 3. virgin soil epidemics 4. Paleolithic period 5. transcendentalism

04.01 The interaction between the Old World and the New World, originating with the voyages of Columbus, is known as: 1. deep ecology 2. Columbian Exchange 3. virgin soil epidemics 4. Paleolithic period 5. transcendentalism Explanation: Beginning with the voyages of Columbus, plants, animals, and diseases from the Old World began entering the New World, and vice-versa.

04.02 In which of these regions would you find the greatest number of nuclear power plants? 1. Europe 2. Russia 3. China 4. South Asia 5. Australia

04.02 In which of these regions would you find the greatest number of nuclear power plants? 1. Europe 2. Russia 3. China 4. South Asia 5. Australia

04.03 In which of these regions is the dependence on wood, dung, and charcoal fuels greatest? 1. South America 2. Russia 3. China 4. Africa 5. Australia

04.03 In which of these regions is the dependence on wood, dung, and charcoal fuels greatest? 1. South America 2. Russia 3. China 4. Africa 5. Australia

04.04 One of the best examples of the Western incorporation of Native American conceptions of nature into ecological approaches in nineteenth century America was the book Walden written by: 1. Carl Sauer 2. Rachel Carson 3. Henry David Thoreau 4. Gifford Pinchot 5. Theodore Roosevelt

04.04 One of the best examples of the Western incorporation of Native American conceptions of nature into ecological approaches in nineteenth century America was the book Walden written by: 1. Carl Sauer 2. Rachel Carson 3. Henry David Thoreau 4. Gifford Pinchot 5. Theodore Roosevelt Explanation: Thoreau’s Walden, based on a two-year residence in a cabin near Concord, Massachusetts, was a significant alternative to the “man-over-nature” philosophy of his time.

04.05 The degradation of land cover and damage to the soil and water in grasslands and arid and semi-arid lands is known as: 1. virgin soil epidemic 2. demographic collapse 3. deforestation 4. desertification 5. siltation

04.05 The degradation of land cover and damage to the soil and water in grasslands and arid and semi-arid lands is known as: 1. virgin soil epidemic 2. demographic collapse 3. deforestation 4. desertification 5. siltation Explanation: Grasslands and arid and semi-arid lands can become more desert-like and ecologically unproductive when they are degraded.

04.06 Which of these regions is currently facing problems of acid deposition? 1. eastern North America 2. North Africa 3. Siberia 4. Australia 5. southern South America

04.06 Which of these regions is currently facing problems of acid deposition? 1. eastern North America 2. North Africa 3. Siberia 4. Australia 5. southern South America

04.07 The introduction of exotic plants and animals into new ecosystems is known as: 1. demographic collapse 2. ecological imperialism 3. siltation 4. virgin soil epidemic 5. deep ecology

04.07 The introduction of exotic plants and animals into new ecosystems is known as: 1. demographic collapse 2. ecological imperialism 3. siltation 4. virgin soil epidemic 5. deep ecology Explanation: The introduction of new species often overwhelms the new environment, leading to a decline in the less-hardy indigenous species.

04.08 Archeological evidence suggests that the first humans originated on the continent of: 1. North America 2. South America 3. Africa 4. Asia 5. Australia

04.08 Archeological evidence suggests that the first humans originated on the continent of: 1. North America 2. South America 3. Africa 4. Asia 5. Australia Explanation: The first humans are thought to have originated in the grasslands of East Africa.

04.09 Today, the largest proportion (35%) of the world’s energy consumption comes from what kind of fuel? 1. coal 2. oil 3. hydropower 4. nuclear power 5. biomass

04.09 Today, the largest proportion (35%) of the world’s energy consumption comes from what kind of fuel? 1. coal 2. oil 3. hydropower 4. nuclear power 5. biomass Explanation: Today oil is the single most significant source of energy, mostly consumed in the developed world.

04.10 Which of these countries has refused to sign the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement designed to reduce global emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases? 1. China 2. Russia 3. France 4. South Africa 5. United States

04.10 Which of these countries has refused to sign the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement designed to reduce global emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases? 1. China 2. Russia 3. France 4. South Africa 5. United States Explanation: Under President George W. Bush, the United States has refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol because of a fear that the agreement would harm American businesses.

04.11 Which of these countries has the highest per capita emissions of carbon dioxide gas? 1. China 2. Russia 3. France 4. South Africa 5. United States

04.11 Which of these countries has the highest per capita emissions of carbon dioxide gas? 1. China 2. Russia 3. France 4. South Africa 5. United States

04.12 Which of these items is not indigenous to the Americas? 1. tobacco 2. corn 3. wheat 4. tomatoes 5. potatoes

04.12 Which of these items is not indigenous to the Americas? 1. tobacco 2. corn 3. wheat 4. tomatoes 5. potatoes Explanation: Wheat was introduced to the Americas by Europeans, after the Columbian voyages. The other items are all indigenous to the Americas, and were unknown in Europe prior to the Columbian voyages.