Romanticism And its Sub-movements Emphasis on Fireside Poets
Types of Romanticism Romanticism Transcendentalism Dark Romanticism
Romanticism Defined A movement in literature and the fine arts, beginning in the early nineteenth century, that stressed personal emotion, intuition, free play of the imagination, and freedom from rules of form. Romanticism was a reaction to Rationalism
Romantic Writers Fiction –James Fennimore Cooper, Washington Irving Poets –Whittier, Longfellow, Bryant, Lowell –Known as the Fireside Poets
About Transcendentalism Transcendentalism is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century. Emphasized non-comformity, social experimentation, and the individual’s spiritual “relation to the universe,” usually through nature. mid-19th century.
Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Centered around Concord, MA.
Dark Romanticism Disagreed with the optimism inherent in Transcendentalism. Emphasis on sin, self-destruction, evil, psychology, rather than divinity, wisdom, or perfection. mid-19th century.
Dark Romantic Writers Hawthorne Melville Poe
What are the Fireside Poets? First group of American poets to rival British poets in popularity in either country. Preferred conventional forms over experimentation. Often used American legends and scenes of American life as their subject matter.
Who were the Fireside Poets? Henry Wadsworth Longfellow William Cullen Bryant James Russell Lowell Oliver Wendell Holmes John Greenleaf Whittier
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Composed “Song of Hiawatha”, “Paul Revere’s Ride” “Psalm of Life” “The Day Is Done” Translated Dante’s Inferno from Italian into English
William Cullen Bryant Composed “To a Waterfowl” and “Thanatopsis” One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of Lincoln
James Russell Lowell Composed “The First Snowfall” and “The Present Crisis” Active in anti- slavery causes
Oliver Wendell Holmes Medical doctor – invented the term “anesthesia.” Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S. Constitution from the scrap yard and “O Captain! My Captain” Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
John Greenleaf Whittier Composed Snow- bound, “Maude Muller” and “Barefoot Boy” Active in anti- slavery movement
Lasting Impact Longfellow remained the most popular American poet for decades. They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of slavery. Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later ‘Romantic’ writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.