Revolutions of 1848

France Louis XVIII (1814-1824) Constitutional Charter of 1814 Moderate but not liberal Constitutional Charter of 1814 About 1/3 of a percent had the right to vote Chamber of Deputies (legislative body) Guaranteed some basic rights for citizens

France Charles X (1824-1830) Brother of Louis XVI and XVIII Conservative, wanted to bring back the Old Regime Hopes to have conservatives elected into the Chamber

1830 Revolution June Charles holds a special election to gain seats in the Chamber Doesn’t get the votes he wanted July 6th Suspends the Constitution Decides to rule by “ordinances”

July Ordinances (July 25th) Suspended the liberty of the press Dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies Reduced the number of deputies in future Chambers Summoned new electoral colleges for September of that year Excluded the commercial bourgeoisie from future elections

People revolt in the streets of Paris Charles X flees, abdicates on August 2nd “Liberty Leading The People” - Delcroix

Louis Philippe (1830-1848) Accepts the Charter of 1814 Accepts the Revolutionary Flag “King of the French People” Actually made very little democratic change Supported the wealthy upper middle class

Adolf Thiers 1830 leads the call for revolt against Charles X and the July Ordinances Works as Prime Minister under Louis Philippe Leads suppression of Paris Commune in 1871 Provisional President of France 1871-1873

Revolutions of 1848 1847 bad economic year, lots of protests Louis Philippe had made little changes Ends right to assemble “Banquets” – created to assemble and voice opposition February 1848 Louis outlaws banquets Paris erupts, Louis flees to England

Two Forces of Revolution Moderate Middle Class Want political change Want universal suffrage Want equal economic opportunity Working Class Want political change Want universal suffrage Want equal economics Push for Government Workshops No unemployment Government provides jobs and income Socialism

The 2nd French Republic 10 man executive committee Elected Congress 500 moderate, 300 monarchists, 100 radical Created universal male suffrage 10 hr. work day No slavery No death penalty

The Big Question! Should the government guarantee everyone a job and income? Working class: Yes! Middle Class: No! Compromise: Temporary Relief Workshops Paris workshop grows from 10,000 in March to 120,000 in June Dig a hole, fill the hole

June Days French government does not have the money to continue Paris workshop People of France elect a more conservative government that ends the workshops. Workers told to go join the army Paris erupts…again! Peasant (outside of Paris) side with the conservatives. Love their private ownership of land 2nd Republic had created taxes which hurt landowners to support workshops in Paris

June Days continued New conservative gov’t brings in the army Led by General Cavaignac Given temporary dictatorial powers over France Ends the uprising and the 2nd Republic Elections held in December Cavaignac expected to win Outsider with a good name sweeps the elections… Louis Napoleon

1848 Austrian Revolution Nationalism, Liberalism, and Socialism Hungary wants its autonomy 1848 Students and workers protest in the streets Students want universal male suffrage and more democracy Workers want nationalized workshops Emperor Ferdinand I Weak, gives in to some demands Abolishes serfdom

Hungary Lajos Kossuth – leader Declare their independence from Austria Include other areas, not just Hungarians Other ethnic enclaves want their own autonomy Serbia, Croatia, Romania Fought against Hungary Got support from the Austrian monarchy Russia comes to aid of Austria to finish the job

Coup Ferdinand’s sister in law thought he was weak Recruits other nobles to support her son Crush uprisings in Prague, Vienna and eventually Hungary Francis Joseph I Crowned emperor in December of 1848

Prussia Revolt led by middle class liberals and factory workers Factory workers wanted: More government support…socialism Liberals Wanted: unified German state Constitutional Monarchy

Frederick William IV Leader of Prussia 1848 agrees to create a Constitutional Monarchy Never creates it

National Assembly National assembly created in Frankfurt Goal is to write a new Constitution for a united Germany War breaks out between Denmark and Schleswig / Holstein National Assembly asks the Prussian Army to do something