Prepared by Engr.Jawad Ali University of Engineering and technology peshawar pakistan.

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Presentation transcript:

Prepared by Engr.Jawad Ali University of Engineering and technology peshawar pakistan

Transmission impairment  Signal travel through medium which is not perfect, the imperfection cause signal impairment, what is sent is not what is received.

Causes of impairment

Attenuation  Attenuation means a loss of energy.  When a signal travels through a medium it loses some of its energy in overcoming the resistance, which heats up the wire.  To compensate for this loss amplifiers are used to amplify the signal.

Attenuation (cont)

Decibel  To show the strength of the signal engineers use the limit of the decibel(dB).  The decibel measure the relative strength of two signals or one signal at two different points.  Decibel is negative if signal is attenuated and positive if it is amplified.

 dB=10log 10 (p2/p1)  dB=20log 10 (v2/v1)

Example 1  Suppose a signal travel through a transmission medium and its power is reduced to one half, find the attenuation or power loss.

Solution  As power is reduced to one half it means that p2=1/2p1.  The loss of 3dB(-3dB) is equivalent to losing one half of the power.

Example2(home work)  A signal travel through an amplifier and its power is increased 10 times, find the amplification or gain of power.

Distortion  Distortion means that the signal change its shape or form.  Signal components at the receiver have phases different from what they had at the sender.

Distortion (cont)

Noise  Several Types of noise are  Thermal noise  Crosstalk  Impulse noise  Induced noise

Signal to noise ratio(SNR)  High value of SNR means signal is less corrupted by the noise and low value of SNR means signal is highly corrupted by the noise.

SNR (Cont)  Because SNR is the ratio of two powers it is often described in decibel units  SNR dB = 10 log 10 SNR

Example  The power of signal is 10 mW and the power of noise is 1 µW what are the values of SNR and SNR dB.

Solution

Throughput  Throughput is the measurement of how fast data can pass through an entity (such as a point or a wall).

Propagation time  Propagation time measures the time required for a signal (or a bit) to travel from one point of transmission medium to another.  The propagation time is calculated by dividing the distance by the propagation speed.