The Imperial Republic Chapter 20

“Progress” and Imperialism

William Seward 1. Alaska (1860s) – 2. Midway Islands (1867)

Stirrings of Imperialism The New Manifest Destiny –“closing of the frontier” Frederick Jackson Turner –Increase of Foreign Trade » –Increase of Foreign Trade »

Senator Beveridge from Indiana “We are raising more than we can consume. Today, we are making more than we can use. Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor.” Imperialist fever in Europe

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge “we must not fall out of line of the march” –Alfred T. Mahan and the importance of naval power

Hemispheric Hegemony –Secretary of State James Blaine expands Americas influence in Latin America –Cleveland and a near war with Britain over boundary dispute with Venezuela

Hawaii Pressure for American Presence – Lead-in History – Another Genocide –

Hawaii Continued American Impact – » – treaty of annexation tied up in party politics finally ratified: 1898

Samoan Islands 1878 Hayes administration extracts treaty from Samoan leaders giving them access to harbor at Pago Pago … and a hand in their dealings with other countries

War With Spain Impact: changing American attitude from idea to fierce expression.

Controversy over Cuba –Cubans resisting Spanish rule since 1868… battle for independence in which US does not intervene –1895 Cuba rises up again

Pulitzer vs. Hearst = Yellow Journalism

Cuba Libre clubs -Cleveland and McKinley: different attitudes towards war Cuban insurrection loosing ground… looks as if war might be averted

Two events that changed everything Dupuy de Lome wrote a letter that was intercepted that called McKinley weak American battleship Maine – McKinley asks for Declaration of War April 25

“A Splendid Little War” –April to August 1898 –“mopping up” exercise –Problems facing the American Soldier –

Seizing the Philippines – No agency in the American military had clear authority over strategic planning (pre- Pentagon) –Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt

Philippines Continued –On May Dewey sailed into Manila Bay and completely destroyed the aging Spanish fleet – –What had begun as a war to free Cuba was …

Battle for Cuba –hurried incompetence is the character of the US invasion –Colonel Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

Cuba Continued –Spanish surrender – –Terms of surrender

Puerto Rico and the United States –many rebellions against Spain during the 1800s –annexation takes place with little controversy in the US –

The Debate over the Philippines –large and densely populated territory thousands of miles away –McKinley claimed divine guidance for his decision to accept responsibility for the islands

Treaty of Paris 1898 Confirmed terms of the Armistice re: Cuba, Guam and PR

Debate Continued –Powerful anti-imperialist movement in the United States –Powerful pro-imperialist forces

Debate Continued –“Uncivilized” Filipinos = status of American Indians –William Jennings Bryan surprise support backfires –

The Republic as Empire -Governing the Colonies –Some “American Dependencies” presented little problems: Hawaii, Alaska and Puerto Rico –Cuba was a problem – –Rebellion to “Yankee Imperialism”

The Philippine War –Results –American miscalculations –Decision: more brutal –“Secure Possession” Aguinaldo captured and signs treaty urging followers to stop fighting – –Gradual autonomy

The Open Door –China had long represented a major economic interest to western powers –McKinley wants America to have trading power in China but wishes to avoid war “Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others”

The Open Door Continued –John Hay comes up with “Open Door Notes” addressed to England, Germany, Russia, France, Japan and Italy and had three parts

The Open Door Continued, Again –Some negative response to “Open Door”, but Jay asserts that its “final and definitive” –Boxer Rebellion – McKinley and Hay use the Rebellion as a springboard for Open Door policy

Modern Military System –Spanish American War demonstrated tremendous problems in American military –McKinley appoints Elihu Root, a corporate lawyer from New York, to supervise military overhaul between