Motivation and Emotion Theories of Motivation Biological and Social Motives Emotions

Objectives List and explain four theories of motivation Discuss the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Describe the biological and social needs of humans Explain Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Describe the hunger drive, and analyze the causes of obesity Give examples of the physiological theories of emotion Describe four theories of emotion

Key Terms Motive Motivation Need Drive Instincts Homeostasis Incentive Self-Actualization Needs Obesity Lateral Hypothalamus Ventromedial Hypothalamus Achievement Motivation Performance Goal Learning Goal Extrinsic Motivation and Reward Intrinsic Motivation and Reward Cognitive Consistency Balance Theory Imbalance Nonbalance Cognitive-Dissonance Theory Affiliation Emotion Opponent-Process Theory Fundamental Needs Psychological Needs Emotion

The Psychology of Motivation Why do people do the things they do? This question relates to Motivation. Motive is a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goal. Area deals with the Why of behavior.

Needs Need is a condition which we require something we lack. Biological or Fundamental Needs – like oxygen, water, food Hunger and Thirst are based on deprivation Biologically Based Psychological Needs- achievement, belonging, social approval, etc. Not based on deprivation Not Biologically Based Needs motivate people to accomplish certain goals.

Drives Drives are the forces that motivate an organism to take action. Based on biological and psychological needs. Need for food gives rise to the hunger drive. Need for water gives rise to the thirst drive. The experience of the hunger and thirst is a psychological one. The longer the deprivation occurs the stronger the drive to eat and drink.

Theories of Motivation Instinct Theory Drive-Reduction Theory Incentive Theory Cognitive Theory

Instinct Theory Instincts – are behavior patterns that are genetically transmitted from generation to generation. Fixed-action pattern – born to act in certain ways in certain situations. (animal examples) Today most psychologists do not believe that human behavior is motivated by instinct.

Drive-Reduction Theory Based on learning as well as motivation. People and animals experience a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension. They learn to do whatever will reduce that tension by reducing the drive. ( Eat to reduce hunger drive.) People will try to reduce the learned drives and biological drives. Homeostasis- state of equilibrium in the body (like a thermostat)

Incentive Theory Stresses the role of the environment in motivating behavior Our actions are directed toward a goal or incentive Incentive- is the object we seek or the result we are trying to achieve Also called goals, reinforces, and rewards Incentives pull you to accomplish something

Cognitive Theory Extrinsic Motivation-Engaging in activities to reduce biological needs or obtain incentives or extend rewards Intrinsic Motivation-Engaging in activities because those activities are personally rewarding or because engaging in them fulfills our beliefs or expectations. Over-justification effect: when people are given more extrinsic motivation than necessary to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines.

Biological Needs: Focus on Hunger Hunger Drive Role of the Mouth Role of the Stomach Hypothalamus Psychological Influences

Role of the Mouth The act of chewing and swallowing provide sensations to satisfy hunger. Research on dogs called “Sham Feeding” Chewing and swallowing lets the body know it is satisfied before the foods nutrients reaches the bloodstream. Don’t eat until you feel full because you will overeat.

Role of the Stomach Research suggests that the growling stomach plays a role in hunger but is not the main factor involved in signaling hunger. Research done on people with stomachs removed.

Hypothalamus Level of Sugar in the Blood Drops in blood sugar level is transmitted to hypothalamus. Hypothalamus Involved in regulation of body temperature and aspects of motivation and emotion. Research on rats show the role of the hypothalamus in regulating the hunger drive

Research on Rats Lateral Hypothalamus functions as the “start- eating” center. Stimulation will cause rat to start eating even if it had just eaten Damage will cause rat to stop eating altogether. Ventromedial Hypothalamus functions as the “stop-eating” center. Stimulation causes rat to stop eating Damage or destroyed causes the rat to eat continually and weight gain.

Obesity 1 in 3 American adults are obese Obesity – weighing more than 30% above the recommended weight (based on height) 25% to 50% of American adults are on a diet at any given time Why are dieting efforts largely unsuccessful?

Sociocultural Theory Cultural experiences and factors influence the behavior that people use to satisfy the inborn drives like hunger. Foods people chose to eat dictated by culture The way we eat food Sexual Expression also dictated by culture.

Psychological Influences People eat more in social settings than when alone. People may eat when feeling stress because of the calming effect of some foods People may use food as a reward Parents should not reward children with food, linked in child’s mind to Parental Approval.

Physical Consequences of Obesity Heart Disease Diabetes Gout Respiratory Problems Some Cancers

Social Consequences of Obesity Research indicates: Less Popular Less Successful Low Self-Esteem Peer Rejection

Adolescent Weight Lose Proceed with caution and remember that teens need proper nutrition for proper development Don’t diet because of social pressure Discuss any diet plan with a professional and with parents Diets must be sensible, realistic, and well planned

Sound Diet Plans What they are not!!!! Fasting Fad diet Eating only one type of food (grapefruit diet) What they ARE!!! Focus is on lifestyle change. Gradual and Healthy loss Reducing Caloric Intake Proper Nutrition Exercise Modifying ones behavior

Best Methods for Losing Weight Exercise + Diet And Keeping It Off

Nutrition and The Food Pyramid The Food Guide Pyramid is one way for people to understand how to eat healthy. A rainbow of colored, vertical stripes represents the five food groups plus fats and oils. Here's what the colors stand for: orange - grains green - vegetables red - fruits yellow - fats and oils blue - milk and dairy products purple - meat, beans, fish, and nuts

Exercise and The Food Pyramid The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) changed the pyramid in spring 2005 because they wanted to do a better job of telling Americans how to be healthy. The agency later released a special version for kids. Notice the girl climbing the staircase up the side of the pyramid? That's a way of showing kids how important it is to exercise and be active every day. In other words, play a lot! The steps are also a way of saying that you can make changes little by little to be healthier. One step at a time, get it?exercise

Choose MY PLATE Balancing Calories ● Enjoy your food, but eat less. ● Avoid oversized portions. Foods to Increase ● Make half your plate fruits and vegetables. ● Make at least half your grains whole grains. ● Switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk. Foods to Reduce ● Compare sodium in foods like soup, bread, and frozen meals ― and choose the foods with lower numbers. ● Drink water instead of sugary drinks.

The Food Pyramid The Pyramid Speaks Let's look at some of the other messages this new symbol is trying to send: Eat a variety of foods. A balanced diet is one that includes all the food groups. In other words, have foods from every color, every day. Eat less of some foods, and more of others. You can see that the bands for meat and protein (purple) and oils (yellow) are skinnier than the others. That's because you need less of those kinds of foods than you do of fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy foods. You also can see the bands start out wider and get thinner as they approach the top. That's designed to show you that not all foods are created equal, even within a healthy food group like fruit. For instance, apple pie might be in that thin part of the fruit band because it has a lot of added sugar and fat. A whole apple - crunch! - would be down in the wide part because you can eat more of those within a healthy diet. Make it personal. Through the USDA's MyPyramid website, people can get personalized recommendations about the mix of foods they need to eat and how much they should be eating.

Causes of Obesity Heredity Environment Psychological Factors Personal Circumstances risks.htm risks.htm

Humanistic Theory People are motivated by the conscious desire for personal growth and artistic fulfillment. Sometimes our drives to fulfill such needs outweigh our basic drives. Artistic Goals (forget to eat or sleep) Political Goals (hunger strike) Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs Critics say hierarchy does not apply to everyone