Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 5 Global Temperatures

Temperature Concepts and Measurement Principal Temperature Controls Earth’s Temperature Patterns Air Temperature and the Human Body Global Temperatures

Temperature Scales Figure 5.1 Temperature Scales freezingbroiling Fahrenheit32°F212°F Celsius0°C100°C Kelvin 273°K373°K

Thermometer and Instrument Shelter Figure 5.2Figure 5.3

1. Latitude ( affects insolation) 2. Altitude ( high altitude has greater daily range; high altitude has lower annual average) 3. Closeness to the large water body (daily and annual temperature range) 4. Ocean currents (affect temperature) 5. Cloud Cover ( affect albedo) Principal Temperature Controls

Latitude and Temperature Figure 5.4

Altitude Figure 5.5

Land–Water Heating Differences Figure 5.7

Evaporation Transparency Specific heat: the amount of heat required to increase 1 gram of substance by 1°C. (water has the highest specific heat than anything else on the earth). Movement Ocean currents and sea-surface temperatures Marine vs. continental effects Land–Water Heating Differences

Marine and Continental Climates: Vancouver vs. Winnipeg Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13 Marine and Continental Climates: San Francisco vs. Wichita

Marine and Continental Climates: Trondheim vs. Verkhoyansk Figure 5.16

January Temperature Map July Temperature Map Annual Temperature Range Map Continentality : larger annual temperature range, higher continentallity Earth’s Temperature Patterns

January Temperatures Figure 5.14

(b) (c) (a) January Temperatures Figure 5.14 Isotherms: lines of equal air temperature Isotherm pattern in Northern Hemisphere: 1.Isotherms bend southward when crossing into land area (land is colder than ocean at the same latitude). 2.Large temperature gradient Temperature gradient: the air temperature change over a horizontal distance. 3. Air temperature over west coast is warmer than east coast (ocean versus land influence by prevailing wind) 4. Coldest air temperature is over the subarctic land

July Temperatures Figure 5.17

(c) (b) (a) July Temperatures Figure 5.17 Northern Hemisphere isotherm pattern: 1.Isotherms bend towards north when across the land areas (land is hotter than oceans) 2.Small temperature gradient 3.West coast has lower air temperature than east coast (cold ocean current versus warm current) 4.Highest air temperature occurs over subtropical land areas

Global Temperature Ranges: difference between the highest and lowest monthly temperature Figure 5.19 The largest occurs over subarctic land areas

Wind chill Correlates cold and wind speed Heat index Correlates heat and humidity Air Temperature and the Human Body

Wind Chill Table Figure FS Higher wind speed increases chilling effect in winter

Heat Index Table Figure FS Higher humidity increases discomfort in summer