The Cognitive and Computational Self: From Cognitive Psychology to AI

Information Processing Model Adpated from Wickens (1984 and 1992)

Norbert Wiener ( ) Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948)

CYBERNETICS- Science of Control and Communication From Greek root meaning Steersman System with goal-directed action (e.g. missile getting to a target), a movement controlled by negative feedback (correct the flight path of missile). Model that holds for both animal and machine; the mechanical and organic.

JANUARY 1950 Harvard’s Mark III Electromechanical Computer “electric brain”

Hixon Symposium on the Cerebral Mechanisms of Behavior (1948)

Hixon Symposium Presentations

Rat Mazes

… we assert that the central office itself is far more like a map control room than it is like an old-fashioned telephone exchange. The stimuli, which are allowed in, are not connected by just simple one-to-one switches to the outgoing responses. Rather, the incoming impulses are usually worked over and elaborated in the central control room into a tentative, cognitive- like map of the environment. Edward Tolman “Cognitive Maps in Rats & Men” 1948 Taught at UC Berkeley

Both rats and humans should develop a broad map, with “moderate motivation and an absence of unnecessary frustrations, whenever we put them and ourselves before that great God-given maze which is our human world” (Tolman, 1948)

1956 Symposium on Information Theory, MIT Miller’s “Magical Number 7” Chunking phenomenon of short-term memory (7 units +/- 2) Chomsky’s generative grammar: language as series of transformations Newell & Simon—General Problem Solver: Logic Theory Machine to prove theorems (early contribution to Artificial Intelligence) Jerome Bruner—concept formation

Noam Chomsky (1928- Syntactic Structures (1957) Review of Skinner’s 1957 Verbal Behavior (1959)

Chomsky’s Universal Grammar Transformational Rules

Newell and Simon's "Logic Theory Machine: A Complex Information Processing System"

Center for Cognitive Studies Harvard (founded 1960) Jerome Bruner The Study of Thinking (1956) George A. Miller

J.R. Bruner, J.J. Goodnow & G.A. Austin (1956) A Study of Thinking

“The Center for Cognitive Studies is concerned with how information is stored, processed, and communicated—both by human beings and by the devices human beings invent in order to cope with information.” (Bruner and Miller, 1960)

“I now believe that mind is something more than a four letter, Anglo-Saxon word—human minds exist, and it is our job as psychologists to study them.” George Miller (1962)

TOTE unit (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) Miller, Galanter, Pribram (1960) FEEDBACK LOOPS

GREGORY BATESON ( ) DOUBLE BIND HYPOTHESIS Schizophrenia as a product of disordered communication in family

Jerry Fodor (1935- (1983)

Parallel Distributed Processing Connectionism- Neural Network theories David Rumelhart and James McClelland

Parallel Distributed Processing (1986)

Rumelhart and McClleland, Network for Recognition of letters and Words

Stanley Kubrick’s 1968 film “2001”

Philip K. Dick Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)

BLADE RUNNER (1982)

Deckard tests Rachel: Clip from Bladerunner

@ MIT MEDIA LAB ROSALIND PICARD, Director computing that relates to, arises from, or deliberately influences emotion or other affective phenomena

Hiroshi Ishiguro builds his android twin: Geminoid HI-1

Hiroshi Ishiguro- Presence Human or Robot?

by Robert Sternberg,Third Edition (2003)