Cell Structure and Function What the cell is going on here?

CELL BIOLOGY  All living things are made up of small individual units called cells. Cells are the smallest functioning living unit. Cells can not normally be seen with the naked eye. To usually observe a cell, you need a microscope !

 Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek used the first 'primitive' microscopes to observe stuff in the mid 1600's! In the 400+ years since, improvements in the microscope have allowed scientists to observe cells better and to develop the cell theory.

The Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells (unicellular or multicellular). 2. All cells carry out the 7 life functions. 3.All cells come from preexisting cells. BUT...

Exceptions to Cell Theory A. Where did the first cells come from? CHICKEN AND THE EGG SYNDROME B. Viruses are NOT composed of cells. But they do contain genetic material (DNA and/or RNA). They also can reproduce in the presence of a host cell. C. Some cell parts (mitochondria and chloroplast) contain their own genetic material (DNA and/or RNA) and can reproduce in a cell.

Remember: 3 PARTS TO THE CELL THEORY & 3 EXCEPTIONS TO THE CELL THEORY

a great way to see how big different things are; good metric review

How Life is Organized...

Atoms and Molecules  the building blocks of everything in the universe

Organelles  small parts of cells that have specific functions  different organelles have different jobs

Cells  the building blocks of life  all living things are made up of one (unicellular) or more (multicellular) cells  there are many types  ex. muscle cells, neurons (brain cells), skin cells, bone cells, blood cells

Tissue  a group of cells that perform a certain function  ex. muscles, tendons, nerves

Organs  a group of tissues that perform a certain function  like organelles, different organs carry out different functions  ex. brain, heart, skin, liver, intestines

Organ Systems  a group of organs that perform a certain function  organ systems have specific jobs  ex. digestive system, circulatory system, nervous system, reproductive system

Organism  a thing that carries out the 7 life functions

Population  a group of organisms of the same species in a given area

Community  a group of populations in a given area

Ecosystem  a community and the physical non-living environment that it exists in

Biosphere  the region of earth where life exists  all ecosystems on the planet make up the biosphere

 As microscopes improved over the years, scientists were able to see into cells with more detail. There were able to see that there are two main types of cells... PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes  lack any internal membranes  only the kingdoms bacteria and archaebacteria are prokaryotes

Eukaryotes  have many internal membrane structures:  nucleus-contains genetic material  other organelles ('small organs')

Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are Basically Alike  both have outer membranes  both carry out the 7 life functions

ProkaryoteEukaryoteUnicellularMulticellular Archaebacteria Bacteria Protist Fungi Plant Animal

Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes ProkaryotesEukaryotes Cell Membrane Contain DNA Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Vacuoles Lysosome Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

 In cells, various specialized functions occur in specific places. These places are like small organs to the cell. They are called organelles! They’re like mini-organs! Different Cell Parts Do Different Jobs

 Organelles allow the cell to do 3 main jobs  make energy  need energy for all activities  need to clean up waste produced while making energy  make proteins  proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them  make more cells  for growth  to replace damaged or diseased cells Our organelles do all these jobs! Different Cell Parts Do Different Jobs

 Making energy  to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…  take in food & digest it  take in oxygen (O 2 )  make ATP  remove waste  organelles that do this work…  cell membrane  lysosomes  vacuoles & vesicles  mitochondria  chloroplast (plant cells only)

 Function  separates cell from outside  controls what enters or leaves cell  O 2, CO 2, food, H 2 O, nutrients, waste  recognizes signals from other cells  allows communication between cells

 Structure  double layer of fat  phospholipid bilayer  receptor molecules  proteins “protein ice bergs floating in a fatty sea” lipid “tail” phosphate “head ”

 Function  digest food  used to make energy  clean up & recycle  digest broken organelles  Structure  membrane sac of digestive enzymes

 Function  moving material around cell  storage – plants store more, so they have larger vacuoles.  Structure  membrane sac

 Function  make ATP energy from cellular respiration  sugar + O 2  ATP  fuels the work of life  Structure  double membrane

 Mitochondria  make energy from sugar + O 2  cellular respiration  sugar + O 2  ATP  Chloroplasts  make energy + sugar from sunlight  photosynthesis  sunlight + CO 2  ATP & sugar  ATP = active energy  sugar = stored energy  build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars ATP sugar ATP

 Making proteins  to run daily life & growth, the cell must…  read genes (DNA)  build proteins  structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)  enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)  signals (hormones) & receptors  organelles that do this work…  nucleus  ribosomes  endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  golgi apparatus

cells DNA proteins one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! signals structural enzymes receptors

 Function  control center of cell  protects DNA  instructions for building proteins  Structure  nuclear membrane  nucleolus  ribosome factory  chromosomes  DNA

 Function  protein factories  read instructions to build proteins from DNA  Structure  some free in cytoplasm  some attached to ER

 Function  works on proteins  helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them  makes membranes  Structure  rough ER  ribosomes attached  works on proteins  smooth ER  makes membranes

transport vesicles vesicles carrying proteins  Function  finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins  like UPS headquarters  shipping & receiving department  ships proteins in vesicles  “UPS trucks”  Structure  membrane sacs

DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus TO:

 Making more cells  to replace, repair & grow, the cell must…  copy their DNA  make extra organelles  divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells  organelles that do this work…  nucleus  centrioles

 Function  help coordinate cell division  only in animal cells  Structure  one pair in each cell

cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  helps finish proteins  makes membranes Golgi apparatus  finishes, packages & ships proteins lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage centrioles  cell division

central vacuole  storage: food, water or waste mitochondria  make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast  make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell wall  support cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals Golgi apparatus  finish & ship proteins nucleus  control cell  protects DNA endoplasmic reticulum  processes proteins  makes membranes lysosome  digestion & clean up ribosomes  make proteins cytoplasm  jelly-like material around organelles nucleolus  make ribosomes

 Cells have 3 main jobs  make energy  make proteins  make more cells

Plant CellAnimal Cell Cell Membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Vacuoles Lysosome Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Centrioles Cell Wall ChloroplastsRibosomes Cell Wall ChloroplastsRibosomes Cell Wall Chloroplasts Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Cell Wall Chloroplasts Lysosome Centrioles Lysosome

 are not cells!  viruses can NOT carry out most life functions, however...they can REPRODUCE  reproduction of viruses can only happen inside a host cell!  viruses, along with bacteria (cells), fungi (cells), and other parasites can infect plants and animals and interfere with normal life functions!  ex. influenza, HIV, chicken pox, polio, smallpox (gone!), viral pneumonia

 Movies for cytology packet\Tim & Moby discuss viruses.htm Movies for cytology packet\Tim & Moby discuss viruses.htm