Vocabulary cell prokaryote eukaryote microscope theory function multicellular unicellular organelle Cytoplasm Nucleus golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum cell membrane cell wall Mitochondria Chloroplast Nucleuolus ribosome

Videos A History of the Cell: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dscY_2QQbKU&feature=related Bill Nye on Cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RU5Ymc00S4w Animal Cell http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fzj6TRnXmps&feature=related Plant Cell http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uohe2V4yOzE&feature=related

The Cell Theory

Principal # 1 All organisms are made of one or more cells. Some organisms are made up of one cell Others are multicellular or made up of many cells

Principal # 2 The cell is the most basic unit of life.

Principal # 3 All existing cells are produced by other living cells.

I. All Cells A. Tend to be microscopic B. Have a few key structures: i. are enclosed by a membrane. ii. are filled with cytoplasm. cell membrane Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) cytoplasm

II. Prokaryotic Cells A. Are the most basic cells B. Unicellular C. Contain simple structures Cell membrane cytoplasm genetic material (DNA) genetic just floats around in the cell Organelles that do not have a membranes D. Example: Bacteria

Stop and Jot What comes to mind when you think of bacteria? Take two minutes to write your thoughts down in your notes

Bacteria There are many different types of bacteria Some can cause disease Some recycle important natural resources through decomposition We use some bacteria to make food, particularly milk products Cheese, yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk

III. Eukaryotic Cells A. Contain simple structures of Prokaryotes B. Contain a nucleus which holds the genetic material C. Have multiple organelles with membranes D. Unicellular or Multicellular E. Example: Plant or Animal cells

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

** Eukaryotic Cells: ** Remember, eukaryotic cells are those that have a true nucleus and have organized, complex organelles. Both PLANT and ANIMAL cells fall under the category of Eukaryotic Cells.

Animal cell: what do you see?

Organelles in an animal cell: Nucleus Nucleolus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria

I. What are organelles? Definition: Organelles are specialized structures that perform important cellular functions within eukaryotic cells You have a body that has organs that do specific things so your whole body will work. An organelle is like an organ for the cell.

II. Nucleus a. STRUCTURE: large organelle in the center of the cell that controls everything that happens in the cell…the “brain” of the cell b. FUNCTION: -Stores all genetic material (DNA)

Nucleus

V. Nucleolus DEFINITION: small, dense structure in the nucleus that creates rRNA. FUNCTION: Creates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) rRNA is very important in making ribosomes Ribosomes are involved in making proteins

Nucleolus

VI. Cytoplasm DEFINITION: all material in the cell except for the nucleus. A gooey liquid that fills the cell and acts as support All organelles except nucleus FUNCTION: It supports the cell…kind of like bubble wrap or packing peanuts protect a package.

Cytoplasm

VII. Cellular membrane DEFINITION: thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm. FUNCTION: Controls what goes into and out of the cell Protection

Cellular membrane

I. Ribosome Definition: a small, dense organelle made mostly from rRNA (ribosomal RNA) Placement in cell: attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytoplasmic liquid. Function: Makes proteins

Ribosome

II. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Definition: a system of folded tube-like structures attached to the nucleus. Function: Folds proteins Transports proteins Site of ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

III. Golgi Apparatus: Definition: a system of folded tube-like structures NOT attached to the nucleus. Function: packages things that are made in the cell to be transported to another organelle or outside of the cell (i.e. enzymes, proteins, hormones)

Golgi Apparatus

IV. Mitochondria: Description: a membrane-enclosed organelle with cristae (folds) inside. Function: Creates the ATP (chemical energy) that most of the cell uses.

Mitochondria:

Lysosomes Definition: small organelles within the cytoplasm that are filled with enzymes Function: Break down… food into small particles that can be used by the rest of the cell organelles that are no longer needed and other waste in the cell

Vacuoles Definition: fluid-filled sac Small in animal cells Large in plant cells Function: Used to store materials needed by the cell like water, food and enzymes i. Supports heavy structures like leaves and flowers in plants

Vacuole in a Plant Cell

Organelles found ONLY in Plants: Cell Walls Chloroplasts

Cell Wall Definition: A rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane Function: To provide support and protection for the cell The cell walls of multiple cells can attach to one another to support the organism Cell walls are made of different materials depending on the organism

Cell wall

Chloroplast Definition: are organelles that have a double membrane and stacks of disc-like shapes containing chlorophyll Function: Use energy from the sunlight to make food for the cell through the process of photosynthesis Chlorophyll gives plants their green color Like mitochondria because it provides energy

Chloroplast

Cell wall Chloroplast Large vacuole PLANT CELL

Nucleus Cell Membrane ANIMAL PLANT

Fill in the chart Organelles Plant Animal Vacuole Yes No Cell Wall Cell Membrane Shape Square Circle

Answer Key Plant Animal Vacuole(s) 1 large Many small ones Chloroplast Yes No Cell Wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Shape Square Like Circle Like

Can you identify the organelles? I’m a real “powerhouse” That’s plain to see I break down food To release energy What am I? ______________________

I’m strong and stiff Getting through me is tough I’m found only in plants But I guess that’s enough What am I? ______________________

I’m the brain of the cell Or so they say I regulate cell activities From day to day What am I? ____________________

Found only in plant cells, I’m green as can be I make food for the plant Using the sun’s energy What am I? ______________________

I’m a series of tubes Found throughout the cell I transport proteins And other things as well What am I? ___________________

I’m full of holes Flexible and thin I control what gets out And what comes in What am I? _________________

Proteins are made here Even though I’m quite small You can find me in the cytoplasm Or attached to E.R.’s wall What am I? ______________________

I’ve been called a “storage tank” By those with little taste I’m a sac filled with water Food, enzymes, or waste What am I? ______________________

Since I contain many enzymes, I can digest an injured cell; And can break down a large molecule Into a smaller one as well What am I? ______________________

Exit Ticket Which organelle makes proteins and is located in the cytoplasm or on the surface of ER? a. nucleus b. golgi apparatus c. ribosome 2. Where is DNA housed in Eukaryotic cell? a. inside a cell’s cytoplasm b. inside a cell’s nucleus c. inside a cell’s nucleolus 3. Which scientist coined the term “cell” after the cells or rooms of a monastery? 4. Name 1 of the principals of the cell theory. 5. What are the two key structures that ALL cells have?