DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS Organization of Organisms

Diversity  The vast diversity of living things is astounding!  Biologists study _____________ between organisms in order to _____________ them  Diversity within species is important to the species _______________  Humans depend on the Earth’s ____________ for food and products

Biodiversity  Biodiversity is the __________ of all living organisms -- including animal and plant species -- of the _______ of all these organisms  Biodiversity makes up the structure of the ecosystems and habitats that support essential living resources, including wildlife, fisheries and forests.  Helps provide for basic human needs such as ______________ ____________________________

Why do Scientists Classify Organisms?  Is _________ million kinds of organisms on Earth!  Need to keep them organized  Classification:

Classification of Living Organisms  Biologists use ______________ and ___________ to organize organisms  Sexual reproduction maintains ________________ which provides a greater diversity of genotypes that can survive environmental changes; in turn ensuring a __________________________!

Diversity of Species

Taxonomy  About 2300 years ago _____________ first started to group animals according to their habitat  Aristotle observed animals____________, _________, types of ______________ and observed similarities and differences  He used the differences to divide them into smaller _______________  In 1665 when the microscope was discovered, many varieties of microscopic organisms were discovered

Taxonomy  Now, there were lots of organisms and the need for an effective _________________ became evident  John Ray in the 17 th century was first to use the word _______ (organisms of similar shape and size)

Linnean System of Classification  Carolus Linnaeus simplified classification by the 18 th century  He used _______________________that is still used today  When classifying, each organism receives a ___________________________________  First part of any scientific name is called the ______, the second part of called the _______  The language used is _________ which was used by scholars at that time

Linnean System of Classification Example: genusspecies Often instead of repeating the genus we used the initial Example: Escherichia coli becomes _____________ Please note the genus is always _____________ and the species is ________.

System of Classification  There are 7 levels or _______ of classification.  Taxa are used to group organisms by their ___________________according to ___________ and/or ______________________.  Remember the first letter of this sentence:

There are 7 Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Levels of Classification Think of the classification system as an upside down pyramid. The Kingdom is the largest part and can hold the greatest number of organisms such as all the animals or all the plants. As you move down the pyramid each level or ‘room’ gets smaller; it can hold fewer and fewer organisms. However, the members have more traits in common and begin to look alike. The species is the smallest ‘room’ in the classification system and is only large enough for one kind of organism – only humans, only houseflies, etc. Levels of Classification HouseflyHuman KingdomAnimalia PhylumArthropoda ClassInsecta OrderDiptera FamilyMuscidae GenusMusca Speciesdomestica

Dichotomous Keys  A ______ allowing a scientist to determine the identity of species – a means of ____________ any living species on Earth  Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the _______________________________  Dichotomous means ‘divided into _________________’  So, dichotomous keys always give _ choices in each step

Classify: shoe, burger, belt, celery, fries

This can also be drawn in a Classification Tree:  Objects  Clothing Not Clothing Fits on Feet Fits around waist Vegetable Meat  Shoes Belt Burger  Green Not Green  Celery Fries

Kingdoms  Before we learn exactly how biologists classify different organisms, we’re going to learn about the first taxa level: the ________________  There are ___ Kingdoms for all organisms

Before We Examine the Kingdoms... Remember the CELL????? Let’s Review:

Two Types of Cells: ProkaryotesEukaryotes A type of cell Simple cell; were here first and for billions of years Complex cell; evolved from a prokaryote- like ancestor Are extremely successful as organismsMany are successful; some organisms made of eukaryotic cells become extinct Cytoplasm contains enzymes, ions and ribosomes, floating freely inside the cell membrane Cytoplasm has suspended membrane – surrounded organelles such as a nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuoles and ribosomes DNA has no membrane separating this area from the rest of the cell Is a ‘true’ nucleus surrounded by a membrane that contains DNA. A nucleolus contains RNA.

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Kingdom Eubacteria  Have classified ______________of  Are ______________________  Found everywhere; often called ‘true bacteria’

Kingdom Archaebacteria  Live in ______________ conditions and volcanoes  The __________________ of life  Are ______________________  Only realized to be different from Eubacteria in ______ due to advances in genetics

Kingdom Protista  Single celled __________________  species, all very _____________ in cell structures, patterns of nutrition, reproduction and habitats  A ‘____________’ of organisms that do not fit into other kingdoms! Some are animal-like, fungus-like or plant-like

Examples of Protista  Zooflagellates are _____________________  Sleeping sickenss is caused by a parasitic zooflagellate called ____________________________  Humans contract the disease if ___________ by a tsetse fly infected with it  Once inside, zooflagellate multiplies in the bloodstream, destryoing ______________ and attacking other tissue  Symptoms: ______________________  Disease can be fatal

Smear of Trypanosoma gambiensis

Examples of Protista  ____________is a plant-like protista  Resemble plants because they have ____________  Some species are single celled, others are multicellular  Algae perform __________ of all photosynthesis on Earth = free oxygen

Plant-Protista Debate  Some algae can be classified as both  Depends on how ‘_____________’ are defined  But most plants have adaptations for living on land (______________) and all multicellular algae are marine; they don’t have these _____________  Algae are therefore considered ____________

Kingdom Fungi  _____________ that build cell walls but not with cellulose like plants: ______________________!!!  No __________________; they depend on ______ organisms for nutrients  Examples:

Examples of Fungi

Kingdom Plantae  Unicellular, mostly ______________ organisms; ____________________  Cell walls contain __________________ (a complex carbohydrate that forms the main part of plant cell walls)  Have _________________ (an organelle present in algae and plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis) & carry out _____________

Examples of Plantae

Kingdom Animalia  Multicellular organisms; _________________  Have cell membranes not ___________________  Cells are organized into ____________________ (e.g. – respiratory or digestive system)  Divided into ______________ (backbone) and ____________________ (no backbone)

Examples of Animals