CELLS Building Blocks of Life

 Every living thing is made of cells  Cells complete different functions in different parts of organisms.  Muscle cells help us move  Fat cells store energy  Every living thing is made of cells  Cells complete different functions in different parts of organisms.  Muscle cells help us move  Fat cells store energy

Form and Function  Cells have different sizes, shapes and parts.  Their appearance will reflect their function.  Cells have different sizes, shapes and parts.  Their appearance will reflect their function.

Cells Shapes  Plant cells are usually rectangular because of their thick cell wall.  Animal cells are usually rounded because they lack cell walls.  Cell Shape Pictures Cell Shape Pictures  Plant cells are usually rectangular because of their thick cell wall.  Animal cells are usually rounded because they lack cell walls.  Cell Shape Pictures Cell Shape Pictures

The Two Cell Types  Prokaryotic  Simple cells no complex organelles  Small cells average size 1 micrometer  Bacteria only example  Oldest known form of life  Prokaryotic  Simple cells no complex organelles  Small cells average size 1 micrometer  Bacteria only example  Oldest known form of life

The Two Cell Types  Eukaryotic:  Complex cells many organelles  Large cells average 20 micrometers  Plants, animals, fungi, protists,  Evolved much later than prokaryotic  cells  Eukaryotic:  Complex cells many organelles  Large cells average 20 micrometers  Plants, animals, fungi, protists,  Evolved much later than prokaryotic  cells

Cell Parts  Cell Membrane:  Thin covering on outside of the cell.  Controls movement of materials into & out of the cell.  Cell Membrane:  Thin covering on outside of the cell.  Controls movement of materials into & out of the cell.

Cell Wall  Thick, strong covering on the outside of plant cells only.  Provides protection & support for the plant.  Plan Cell Diagram Plan Cell Diagram  Thick, strong covering on the outside of plant cells only.  Provides protection & support for the plant.  Plan Cell Diagram Plan Cell Diagram

 Cytoplasm  Jelly-like material in the cell  Contains the organelles.  Organelle  (small organ) A structure in the cytoplasm that performs a specific function.  Cytoplasm  Jelly-like material in the cell  Contains the organelles.  Organelle  (small organ) A structure in the cytoplasm that performs a specific function.

Organelles  Nucleus: Nucleus  The control center of the cell.  Contains the cell’s genetic material in the DNA molecule  Nucleus: Nucleus  The control center of the cell.  Contains the cell’s genetic material in the DNA molecule

 Nucleolus Nucleolus  Found inside nucleus  Produces ribosome  Chromosomes  Found inside nucleus  Contain DNA  Holds the cells ‘blue prints”  Contain the cells genetic information  Nucleolus Nucleolus  Found inside nucleus  Produces ribosome  Chromosomes  Found inside nucleus  Contain DNA  Holds the cells ‘blue prints”  Contain the cells genetic information

 Ribosomes Ribosomes  The cell’s protein factory  Endoplasmic Reticulum: Endoplasmic Reticulum:  Series of membranes used to transport materials through the cytoplasm.  Ribosomes Ribosomes  The cell’s protein factory  Endoplasmic Reticulum: Endoplasmic Reticulum:  Series of membranes used to transport materials through the cytoplasm.

 Mitochondria Mitochondria  Hot dog shape with many folds  organelle where sugar is converted to usable energy.  Cells can have many mitochondria  Mitochondria Mitochondria  Hot dog shape with many folds  organelle where sugar is converted to usable energy.  Cells can have many mitochondria

 Site of cell respiration.  C  Site of cell respiration.  C

Chloroplasts  Site of photosyntheisis  Captures sun’s energy to make food  Green, oval organelle  Contains chlorophyll  Makes leaves green  Site of photosyntheisis  Captures sun’s energy to make food  Green, oval organelle  Contains chlorophyll  Makes leaves green

Photosynthesis 6CO2 +6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

CHROMOPLASTS  Same function as chloroplasts  They use different wavelengths of light.  Contain the bright pigments that give Fall leaves their colors  Same function as chloroplasts  They use different wavelengths of light.  Contain the bright pigments that give Fall leaves their colors

LEUCOPLASTS  Used in starch storage:  We will see them in potato cells.  Used in starch storage:  We will see them in potato cells.

Golgi Body  Flat sacs, look like stack of records  Used to wrap materials so that they can easily be transported out of the cell  Makes lysosomes  Flat sacs, look like stack of records  Used to wrap materials so that they can easily be transported out of the cell  Makes lysosomes

DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS

Diffusion  The gradual spreading of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lesser concentration.  Examples  Smoke spreading in air  Salt spreading in water  Water spreading through a paper towel  The gradual spreading of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lesser concentration.  Examples  Smoke spreading in air  Salt spreading in water  Water spreading through a paper towel

Osmosis  The diffusion of water into or out of cells  Examples  Cells placed in salt water shrinksalt water  Cells placed in fresh water growfresh water  The diffusion of water into or out of cells  Examples  Cells placed in salt water shrinksalt water  Cells placed in fresh water growfresh water

CHROMATOGRAPHY  Chromatography: A technique used to separate materials based on differing chemical or physical properties.  Paper Chromatography: The type of chromatography we used to separate dyes based on their solubility in water.  Solubility: Describes how easily one substance dissolves in another.  Chromatography: A technique used to separate materials based on differing chemical or physical properties.  Paper Chromatography: The type of chromatography we used to separate dyes based on their solubility in water.  Solubility: Describes how easily one substance dissolves in another.

CHROMATOGRAPHY  The dye with the greatest solubility will travel the furthest up the filter paper.  The dye with the least solubility will travel the shortest distance up the filter paper.  The dye with the greatest solubility will travel the furthest up the filter paper.  The dye with the least solubility will travel the shortest distance up the filter paper.

CHROMATOGRAPHY  Other types of chromatography are used to separate other materials. For example gel chromatography is used to separate DNA molecules.

Dye with greatest solubility Dye with least solubility Original line with mixed up colors.