Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 5 Basic Human Needs

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow defined the basic needs of all people as a progression from simple physical needs, or survival needs, to more complex ones, called aesthetic needs. Progression from physical needs to aesthetic needs: –Physiological needs –Safety needs –Love needs –Esteem needs –Self-actualization needs

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Regression Regression, is focusing on a lower-level need that has already been fulfilled. This is common in illness or injury. For example, a client recovering from an illness will focus their physical and emotional energies on recovery (physical needs) before returning to employment (security). Individuals in pain will revert to being concerned about personal appearance or relationships with others only after the pain has been relieved.

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement true or false? Critically ill clients will continue to seek to fulfill needs in the order of Maslow’s Theory of Hierarchy.

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Critically ill clients will regress, that is, they will focus on a lower-level need that has already been fulfilled before reverting to focusing on their higher-level needs.

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Basic Physiologic Needs Oxygen Water and Fluids Food and Nutrients Elimination of Waste Products Sleep and Rest Activity and Exercise Sexual Gratification Temperature Regulation

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing Considerations Oxygen –Evaluate the oxygenation status of the client. Water and Fluids –Measure intake and output, weigh the client daily, and observe intravenous infusion of fluids. Food and Nutrients –Help feed the client, monitor calorie counts, or maintain alternative methods of nutrition.

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Elimination of Waste Products –Give an enema, catheterize the person, or assist with dialysis. Sleep and Rest –Provide safe, comfortable, and quiet surroundings. Activity and Exercise –Encourage client to walk after surgery or teach to walk with crutches. Nursing Considerations (cont’d)

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sexual Gratification –Be aware of sexuality issues when care is given. Temperature Regulation –Assist the client to meet the need for temperature regulation. In cases such as a high fever, monitor the client’s temperature. Nursing Considerations (cont’d)

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Security and Safety At this second level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there are both physical and psychological needs. Freedom From Harm –Remove threats to the client’s safety. –Take preventive measures. –Explain procedures, treatments, or medications. Abuse –Report any suspected abuse in the clients.

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Healthcare –Higher-level coping skills in relationship to planned versus unplanned healthcare Shelter –Conduct comprehensive evaluation when interviewing clients to uncover the situation. Arrange for regular monitoring and preventive healthcare in the above situations. Security and Safety (cont’d)

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement true or false? A nurse need not report signs of abuse if they believe that it is a matter that can be solved within the client’s family.

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False The nurse is legally bound to report any suspected abuse in the clients. If a nurse does not report suspected abuse, they could be subject to arrest and civil penalties.

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing Activities That Help Individuals Obtain the Goal of Self-Esteem The term self-esteem (self-image, self-respect) is related to the person’s perception of self. Those who are ill or injured or who undergo surgery may have altered levels of self-esteem. The nurse will need to help such clients regain positive self-esteem by: –Rewarding and encouraging an individual’s progress in rehabilitation –Allowing them to perform as much self-care as possible –Observing these clients for symptoms of regression, depression, or chemical dependency

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Self-Actualization The self-actualized person has “reached his or her full potential.” The nurse can help clients obtain self-actualization by: –Assisting in achieving lower-level needs –Acknowledging accomplishments of the individual

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question A nurse can help a client in meeting self-esteem needs by: a. assisting to get enough sleep b. explaining the procedures, treatments, or medications c. rewarding the client’s progress d. feeding the client e. reporting signs of abuse

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer c. rewarding the client’s progress. A nurse can help clients to regain positive self-esteem by encouraging independence and, consequently, rewarding progress.

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Basic and Aesthetic Needs of Individuals Who Are Homeless, Terminally Ill, or Have No Source of Income People in this situation must find food and shelter not only for themselves, but for their children as well. These individuals are more concerned with meeting their primary rather than secondary needs. They become ill first and then seek healthcare. Such behaviors are concrete methods of dealing with illness or emergency responses to the stimulus of illness (episodic healthcare).

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Community or Societal Needs The community has basic needs concerning the welfare of all its residents. –Public healthcare measures (immunization programs) –Access to healthcare –Maintenance services (water and electricity) –Environmental concerns (pollution) –Safety (police and highways) –Emergency services (ambulances and paramedics)

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation