 Biological clock  Body temperature:  Example: pulling an all nighter – get a second wind as morning approaches

 Transition into sleep  Slow alpha waves  Hallucinations, Falling  Incorporated into memory

Stage 2  20 minutes Stage 3 Stage 4: Delta waves – Large and slow Sleep walking Hard to be woken up

 Dreams  60 minutes in  Heart rate increases  Paradoxical sleep  Sleep cycle: 90 minutes/ 5 – 6 times a night  Order of sleep cycle  1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, 2, 3, 4,

 Psychodynamic  Freud  Manifest content  Latent content

 Go over day dreaming article  Urge to daydream comes in waves, surging about every 90 minutes and peaking between noon and 2 pm  Average person spends almost half of his/her waking day fantasizing (varies from person to person)  Usually day dream when we would rather be somewhere else or be doings something else  Central themes: unfulfilled goals and wishes, emotions from being where we want to be

 Day dreams can be positive, negative, and purposeful  Happy daydreams: imagine pleasant, playful, entertaining scenarios, uncomplicated by guilt or worry  Negative: frustration, guilt, fear of failure, hostility, self-doubt, and competitive envy

 Negative :  obsessive, isolating, or problems distinguishing between fantasy and reality  Positive when:  Provide refreshing break from stressful day, remind us of neglected personal needs, harmless way of working through hostile feelings or satisfying guilty desires, build problem-solving and interpersonal skills, encourage creativity, help survive difficult situations  Prisoners of war have used fantasies to survive torture and deprivation. Provide relief from unpleasant reality and reduce internal tension and external aggression

 Social interaction – a hypnotist suggest to a subject that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur  Can anyone experience hypnosis?  Can hypnosis enhance recall or forgotten events?

 Can hypnosis force you to act against your will?

 Therapeutic?  Posthypnotic suggestion:

 10 percent of us can become so deeply hypnotized that we can even undergo major surgery without anesthesia  Half of us can gain at least some pain relief from hypnosis  Hypnotized patients: required less medication, recovered sooner, and left the hospital earlier than hypnotized controls. This is because of the inhibition of pain-related brain activity  Europe: surgical use of hypnosis has flourished – one Belgian medical team has performed more than 5000 surgeries with a combination of hypnosis, local anesthesia, and a mild sedative

 Self inducing an altered state of consciousness  Helpful to reduce anxiety  Tensing and relaxing muscles