Lecture 15: Demonstrational Tools Brad Myers Advanced User Interface Software 1

Overview Direct Manipulation allows properties to be set by directly moving objects with the mouse and setting properties Example: interface builders, Visual Basic Limited to static parts of the interface No way to point at objects that will be drawn by the user How set the color of an object in Visual Basic at run time? 2

Visual Basic Example 3 Example: vs. VB: Let Shape1.FillColor = &H00FF00FF& ML: SetColor ( Shape1, 0x00FF00FF )

Demonstrational Tools Demonstrational Tools allow the user to operate on example objects which represent objects that are created at run-time. For example, the system must find out that the size of the boxes depends on the actual labels typed by the user and where the lines attach. In general, demonstrational systems allow the user to operate on examples, and then generalizes to produce a general-purpose procedure or prototype. "Examples": draw an example of the objects that will be created at run time draw objects in approximately the right places, and systems creates general constraints This is a hard problem, which is why you don't see many commercial products that do this. 4

Demonstrational Interfaces There are also demonstrational systems for other domains (not for creating UIs): Our group: Text editing (Tourmaline, Andy Werth INI MS thesis) Creating shell programs (Francesmary Modugno's PhD thesis on "Pursuit") Creating custom business charts and graphs (our patent on this technology) 5

Demonstrational Interfaces, cont. Others: Text editing (renumber by example, styles) Graphical editing (graphical procedures) Determining loops in HyperCard ("Eager") etc. "Classic" Reference: Allen Cypher, ed.Watch What I Do, MIT Press Newer book: Henry Lieberman, ed. Your Wish is My Command. 2001: Morgan Kaufmann. 6

Motivation Demonstrational techniques expand how much of the interface can be specified interactively. And Interactive editors are much faster to use than programming with toolkits Frameworks improve productivity by factors of 3 to 5, interactive tools by factors of 10 to 50! It might take an hour to draw an interface interactively, compared to days to program it. Because they are faster, this promotes rapid prototyping It is much more natural to specify the graphical parts of applications using a graphical editor. Because they do not require programming skills, graphic designers can design the graphical parts of the interface. 7

Examples (of uses to create UIs) (chronological order) 8

Peridot ( ) Myers B. "Creating User Interfaces Using Programming-by- Example, Visual Programming, and Constraints," ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. vol. 12, no. 2, April, pp (Peridot) Myers B., Creating User Interfaces by Demonstration, Academic Press, San Diego, Myers B., "Creating Interaction Techniques by Demonstration," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 7, No. 9, IEEE, September 1987, pp First demonstrational tool, and it used by-example techniques to allow the creation of new widgets. From the drawings, it infers: Graphical constraints among the objects, such as that the boxes should be the same size as the text. control structures such as iteration over all the items in a menu how the mouse affects the graphics, such as that the check mark should follow the mouse. feedback: question and answer video (8 min) 9

Lapidary ( ) Myers B., Vander Zanden B. and Dannenberg R., "Creating Graphical Interactive Application Objects by Demonstration," Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST'89, Williamsburg, November 1989, pp Brad Vander Zanden and Brad A. Myers. "Demonstrational and Constraint-Based Techniques for Pictorially Specifying Application Objects and Behaviors," ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. vol. 2, no. 4, Dec, pp Extends Peridot to allow the creation of application-specific graphical objects, like nodes in a graphics editor. Uses less inferencing and more dialog boxes Is "real" and you get it as part of the Garnet distribution Problems: can only demonstrate "syntactic" parts of application hard to set up correct constraints video (3 min -- excerpt) 10

DEMO and DEMO II (1991, 1992) David A. Wolber and Gene L. Fisher, "Demonstrational Technique for Developing Interfaces with Dynamically Created Objects," Proceedings UIST'91: ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Nov, 1992, Monterey, CA, pp Gene L. Fisher, Dale E. Busse, and David A. Wolber, "Adding Rule-Based Reasoning to a Demonstrational Interface Builder," Proceedings UIST'92: ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Nov, 1991, pp DEMO was first system to support dynamic creation of objects. Infers graphical relationships by examples of edits DEMO-II adds extensive inferencing of graphical constraints from examples; guide lines 11

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Marquise ( ) Myers B., McDaniel, R. and Kosbie, D.. "Marquise: Creating Complete User Interfaces by Demonstration," Proceedings CHI'94: Human Factors in Computing Systems. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 24-29, pp Go back to doing more by demonstration, and just show the way that the interface should operate. In particular, demonstrate when the behaviors should start and what the feedback looks like. mouse button does one of 10 things, depending on where press and global mode. Demonstrate both behavior and conditions Built-in support for palettes and modes. video (3 min) 13

InferenceBear & Grizzly Bear ( ) Martin R. Frank, Piyawadee "Noi" Sukaviriya, James D. Foley. “Inference bear: designing interactive interfaces through before and after snapshots,” DIS’95. Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 167 – 175. pdfInference bearpdf Martin Frank, Model-Based User Interface Design by Demonstration and By Interview. PhD Thesis, Georgia Tech, (Discussed his "Elements, Events & Transitions (EET) language in the event-language lecture) User control through dialog boxes, edit using textual language: EET Snapshots of before and after Multiple examples More positive examples to cause generalization Negative examples to specify exceptions Pictures – next slide 14

InferenceBear Pictures 15

Pavlov (1995-present) David Wolber, "Pavlov: Programming by Stimulus-Response Demonstration," Proceedings CHI'96, Human Factors in Computing Systems. April pp Stimulus from mouse or time-based Score editor for feedback and editing video 16

Gamut ( ) PhD thesis of Rich McDaniel. Richard G. McDaniel and Brad A. Myers. "Building Applications Using Only Demonstration," IUI'98: 1998 International Conference On Intelligent User Interfaces, January 6-9, 1998, San Francisco, CA. pp pdfpdf Richard G. McDaniel and Brad A. Myers, "Getting More Out Of Programming-By-Demonstration." Proceedings CHI'99: Human Factors in Computing Systems. Pittsburgh, PA, May 15-20, pp ACM DL ReferenceACM DL Reference Domain: "board games" and educational software Goal: new interaction techniques so can infer more complex behaviors E.g., how a piece can move in Monopoly / Chess Reduce number of modes New interaction techniques to provide hints "Do Something!", "Stop That", Hint highlighting, Temporal Ghosts, Guide objects, Deck of Playing Cards, etc. Better inferencing algorithms video (4.5 min) 17

Others Chris Scaffidi’s thesis: Infers “topes” = user-level types from a list of examples “Monet” by Yang Li & James A. Landay, UIST’2005 Infers rotating continuous behaviors from examples 18

Current Systems Adobe Catalyst create menus by giving examples of the items Scroll bars by indicating the parts (thumb, track, etc.) What else? 19

Open Issues How intelligent is enough? Predictability AI problem Techniques for feedback and editing Combining inferencing with direct editing of the code A “really” successful product using this technology 20