CHAPTER 11: HUMAN POPULATIONS Read pgs

Key Concepts  Factors affecting human population size  Managing population growth  Human population problems

Factors Affecting Human Population Size  Population change equation  Crude birth rate (CBR)  Crude death rate (CDR) Refer to Fig p. 239 PopulationChangePopulationChange== (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)

What would happen to the population if the :  Births exceeded the deaths?  Deaths exceeded the births?  Births equaled the deaths?  Zero Population growth (ZPG) is when the population stays stable.

Natural Rate of Increase <1% 1-1.9% 2-2.9% 3+% Data not available Annual world population growth Fig. 11.3, p. 240

Fertility Rates  Replacement-level fertility is the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves.  Typically slightly higher than 2.  Why?  Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.  What are the childbearing years?  15-49

Births per woman < No Data Fertility Rates  Replacement-level fertility  Total fertility rate (TFR) Fig. 11.8, p. 242

Factors Affecting BR and TFR  US BR’s US BR’s  US BR’s US BR’s Fig , p. 243 see Fig p. 243  Importance of children as a part of the labor force.  Urbanization  Cost of raising and education children  Educational and employment opportunities for women.  IMR  Average age of at which women have their first child.

Factors affecting death rates.  Why are people living longer?  Life expectancy is the average number of years a newborn can expect to live.  Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of newborns out of a 1,000 who die before their first birthday.

Infant deaths per 1,000 live births <10 <10-35 <36-70 < <100+ Data not available Factors Affecting DR  Life expectancy  Infant mortality rate (IMR) Fig , p. 246

Factors Affecting Natural Rate of Increase Developed Countries Rate per 1,000 people Year Rate of natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate - crude death rate Developed Countries Rate per 1,000 people Crude birth rate Rate of natural increase Crude death rate Year Fig , p. 245

Ages 0-14 Ages Ages Rapid Growth GuatemalaNigeria Saudi Arabia Rapid Growth GuatemalaNigeria Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States AustraliaCanada Slow Growth United States AustraliaCanada Male Female Zero Growth SpainAustriaGreece SpainAustriaGreece Negative Growth GermanyBulgariaSweden GermanyBulgariaSweden Population Age Structure Fig a, p. 247

Solutions: Influencing Population Size  Migration  Environmental refugees  Reducing births  Family planning  Empowerment of women  Economic rewards and penalties

Demographic Transition Game  All books are closed.  Arrange the cards into four scenarios.  Each scenario needs a stage name, a birth rate, a death rate and a growth rate.

Demographic Transition  A hypothesis for how the growth rate of human populations change as they become industrialized.

Answers  Preindustrial –  high birth rate  high death rate  zero population growth.  Why?  Difficult living conditions. Need high birth rate to compensate for high infant mortality and high death rate.

Answers  Transitional –  high birth rate  declining death rate  high growth rate.  Why?  Living conditions have improved. More food and health care. Death rates decline faster while birth rates remain high. (infant mortality still an issue)

Answers  Industrial –  declining birth rate  low death rate  low growth rate.  Why?  Living conditions continue to improve. Birth rates approach death rates because of better access to birth control, equality in the workplace, lower infant mortality

Answers  Post-Industrial  low birth rate  low death rate  zero population growth.  Why?  Living conditions continue to improve. Birth rates match death rates (sometimes go below) High costs of living and raising children.

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial PostindustrialLow growth rate Low Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing Decreasing Low Low Zero Zero Negative Negative Birth rate Total population Death rate TimeTime Fig , p. 255

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India. Read pgs  Poor planning  Bureaucratic inefficiency  Low status of women  Extreme poverty  Lack of support Generally disappointing results:

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China  Economic incentives  Free medical care  Preferential treatment  Intrusive and coercive  Locally administered Generally positive results:

Cutting Global Population Growth  Family planning  Reduce poverty  Elevate the status of women

Births per thousand population Demographic transition Depression Baby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom World War II YearYear