Spring 2007 Bioinformatiatics

Chocolate Chip Cookie Ingredients 2/3 cup (125 g) sugar; try a mixture of brown and white sugar ½ cup (120 g) butter, softened 1 large egg ½ teaspoon baking soda ½ teaspoon salt 1 cup plus 2 tablespoons (145 g) all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 6 oz (170 g) semisweet chocolate chips Method 1. Preheat oven to 375 deg F (190 deg C). 2. Cream butter with sugar until light and fluffy. 3. Add the egg and vanilla and mix well. 4. Add baking soda, salt and flour and mix well. 5. Add chocolate chips. 6. Place the cookie dough in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes. 7. Drop by rounded large teaspoonfuls onto an ungreased cookie sheet. 8. Bake the chocolate chip cookies for 8 to 10 minutes until light brown. Always try with a few cookies to check whether the dough is OK. 9. Allow cookies to cool on baking sheet for a few minutes, then move the cookies to a wire rack TranscriptionTranslation

- double ring - single ring

C-value (pg DNA) per cell

Promoter Exon 1 Intron 1 Exon 2 Intron 2 Exon 3 leader trailer Primary transcript (pre-mRNA) Transcription mature transcript (mRNA) Splicing UPSTREAMDOWNSTREAM cap - - AAAAAAAAAAAA post-transcriptional processing Structure of a Eukaryotic Gene 5’-5’- 5’-5’- - 3’ cistron Open Reading Frame (ORF) cistron Open Reading Frame (ORF) cds 1 cds 2 (coding sequence) cds 2 (coding sequence) cds 3 Primary transcript (pre-mRNA)

Promoter Polycistronic transcript (pre-mRNA) Transcription mature transcripts (mRNA) processing Structure of a Prokaryotic Gene 5’-5’- 5’-5’- - 3’ Operator lacZ gene lacZ gene leader trailer lacY gene lacY gene leader trailer Intergenic region lacZ lacY gene lacY gene Intergenic region lacZ gene lacZ gene lacY gene lacY gene

The Standard Genetic Code The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Genetic Code methionine tryptophan STOP

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Pyrophosphate DNA Sequence

Pyrophosphate Sequencing Nanopore Sequencing