Fingerprint Challenge Daily CSI Fingerprint Challenge
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Solved: Fingerprint Analysis - Developing Prints 3:20 Name 3 ways that fingerprints can be developed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Daily CSI Spot the Differences Painting Time
Find the 6 differences between the two pictures. Source: http://www.slylockfox.com/arcade/6diff/index.html
The answers are … Answers: Tail feathers, hole in fence, ball, paint bucket, girl’s hair, ice cream cone
Fingerprint Challenge Daily CSI Fingerprint Challenge T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/
Questions 1. What is the name given to the study of fingerprints? A. Dactyloscopy B. Palynology C. Entomology D. Trichology 2. What causes fingerprints to be left behind when we touch things? A. Salt produced by our sweat glands C. Moisture in the atmosphere B. Natural oils in the skin D. Dust on the things we touch 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 basic types of fingerprint patterns? A. Loops B. Whorls C. Arches D. Spirals 4. Which animal is said to have fingerprints virtually indistinguishable from those of human beings? A. Panda B. raccoon C. koala D. lemur 5. Who is generally recognized as being the first person to use fingerprints as a means of identification? A. Alphonse Bertillon C. Dr Henry Faulds B. Sir William Herschel D. Sir Edward Henry
Fingerprint Challenge Daily CSI Fingerprint Challenge
Answers 1. What is the name given to the study of fingerprints? A. Dactyloscopy B. Palynology C. Entomology D. Trichology 2. What causes fingerprints to be left behind when we touch things? A. Salt produced by our sweat glands C. Moisture in the atmosphere B. Natural oils in the skin D. Dust on the things we touch 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 basic types of fingerprint patterns? A. Loops B. Whorls C. Arches D. Spirals 4. Which animal is said to have fingerprints virtually indistinguishable from those of human beings? A. panda B. raccoon C. koala D. lemur He was a government administrator in colonial India and began using fingerprints in July 1858 to identify illiterate prisoners and workers in India. 5. Who is generally recognized as being the first person to use fingerprints as a means of identification? A. Alphonse Bertillon C. Dr Henry Faulds B. Sir William Herschel D. Sir Edward Henry
Daily CSI Trivia Challenge Fingerprints T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/
Questions 1. At what age do humans acquire fingerprints? A. At three month's gestation C. At birth B. At six month’s gestation D. At three months of age 2. In forensics, criminologists use AFIS to search an online database for fingerprint matches. What does AFIS stand for? A. Automated Footprint Identification System B. Actual Fingerprint Identification System C. Automated Fingerprint Identification System D. Auto Fingerprint Intelligence System 3. True or False: A fingerprint brush uses lion's mane hair. 4. What is the minimum number of matching points required to identify an unknown latent print in the United States? 8 B. 16 C. 32 D. There is no minimum 5. What is the function of the ridges on our fingers which create fingerprints? A. They enable us to grasp objects. B. They provide insulation for the tissues under the skin. C. They help us to identify individual human beings.
Answers 1. At what age do human beings acquire fingerprints? A. At three month's gestation C. At birth B. At six month’s gestation D. At three months of age 2. In forensics, criminologists use AFIS to search an online database for fingerprint matches. What does AFIS stand for? A. Automated Footprint Identification System B. Actual Fingerprint Identification System C. Automated Fingerprint Identification System D. Auto Fingerprint Intelligence System 3. True or False: A fingerprint brush uses lion's mane hair. 4. What is the function of the ridges on our fingers which create fingerprints? A. They enable us to grasp objects. B. They provide insulation for the tissues under the skin. C. They help us to identify individual human beings. 5.. What is the minimum number of matching points required to identify an unknown latent print in the United States? A. 8 B. 16 C. 32 D. There is no minimum
Mystery Photos Challenge
See if you can determine what the following magnified photos are See if you can determine what the following magnified photos are. Number your paper to 5. 1 2 5 4 3
The Answers:
Types of Fingerprints Challenge What is it? Types of Fingerprints Challenge
What type of prints are these? C. A.(r) B. D.
What type of prints are these? C. Double loop whorl A.(r) Plain whorl Radial loop B. D. Tented arch
Crime 360 - Finding Fingerprints with Superglue? 1.00 Daily Challenge Crime 360 - Finding Fingerprints with Superglue? 1.00 Carefully listen to the video clip and be prepared to answer 5 questions at the end /
Watch the video and answer the questions at the end. 1. What is the name of the activator used during the process? A. Hot Prints B. Hot Stuff C. Hot Shot 2. During fuming the super glue heats up and attaches to _____ _____ in the fingerprint. A. Skin B. Amino Acids C. Valleys 3. The evidence is placed in a super glue _____ to develop the prints. A. Chamber B. Tube C. Slide 4. What color is the fingerprint after it develops? A. Red B. White C. Yellow
1. What is the name of the activator used during the process. A 1. What is the name of the activator used during the process? A. Hot Prints B. Hot Stuff C. Hot Shot 2. During fuming the super glue heats up and attaches to _____ _____ in the fingerprint. A. Skin B. Amino Acids C. Valleys 3. The evidence is placed in a super glue _____ to develop the prints. A. Chamber B. Tube C. Slide 4. What color is the fingerprint after it develops? A. Red B. White C. Yellow
Fingerprint Processing Challenge What is it? Fingerprint Processing Challenge
What process of latent print development are these? B. C.
What process of latent print development are these? B. Iodine fuming A. ninhydrin C. Cyanoacrylate – superglue fuming
Chapter 4: Fingerprints “Fingerprints can not lie, but liars can make fingerprints.” —Unknown Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Fingerprints Students will learn: Why fingerprints are individual evidence. Why there may be no fingerprint evidence at a crime scene. How computers have made personal identification easier. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Students will be able to: Chapter 4 Fingerprints Students will be able to: Define the three basic properties that allow individual identification by fingerprints. Obtain an inked, readable fingerprint for each finger. Recognize the general ridge patterns (loops, whorls, and arches) Identify friction ridge characteristics and compare two fingerprints with at least ten points of identification. Explain the differences among latent, plastic, and visible fingerprints. Develop latent prints (make them visible) using physical and chemical methods. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
The History of Fingerprinting Chapter 4 The History of Fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 The Chinese In the eighth century during China’s T’ang dynasty, Chinese used thumbprints to seal important documents and on business contracts. There is no record of whether they were actually used for identification, and there was no systematic classification. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Quntilian, the Roman Lawyer Chapter 4 Quntilian, the Roman Lawyer Made use of a bloody handprint in a murder case in 1000 AD Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Chapter 4 A number of people throughout history noted fingerprints and even commented on the different ridge patterns. However, the science of dactyloscopy, the study of fingerprints,(comes from the Greek word daktulos, meaning finger) really started in the 19th century in India with William Herschel. Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 William Herschel Highly placed civil servant who decided to require Indians to add their fingerprint to contracts. Later (1877) he introduced the use of fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Henry Faulds In Japan, molded fingerprints in old pottery piqued the interest of Henry, a health missionary in Tokyo . He published a scientific paper in 1880 about the possibility of using fingerprints to identify criminals. Thought that fingerprints were unique. Could be used for classification Said fingerprints did not change over a lifetime. First to use fingerprints to solve a crime. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Prisoners Identification has always been a problem for the criminal justice system. Prisoners were often branded or tattooed or even had hands or fingers chopped off so they would be recognized as criminals. This practice was generally abolished in the Western world in the early 1800’s. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Photography The advent of photography helped, but without a means of classification, the police records were soon overwhelmed with too many photographs to be useful. They often employed men with “photographic” memories. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Alphonse Bertillon 1881 Employed as a ledger clerk at the police headquarters in Paris, suggested using 11 body measurements to identify habitual offenders. Was accepted almost everywhere. The science of human measurements was called anthropometry. This was initially the system that most police departments used for personal identification. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
*Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) 1879 First system of personal identification. Wrote his first book on anthropometry. Known as the father of personal identification Began the development of anthropometry – a systematic procedure of taking a series of body measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another. Was eventually replaced by fingerprinting in the early 1900’s.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Francis Galton 1891 A British anthroplogist - Published two books in which he showed how to classify fingerprints using loops, whorls, and arches. He showed that: 1. a person’s fingerprints stay the same from birth until death. 2. no two fingerprints are identical 3. prints cannot be altered And said it is possible to classify a very large number of prints. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Sir Edward Richard Henry Chapter 4 Sir Edward Richard Henry 1897 – Inspector general of police in Bengal, India. Simplified Galton’s classification system in India Established the Henry System of Classification which replaced Bertillon’s system. England’s (FBI) Scotland Yard, adopted the Henry System Henry System is used in most English speaking countries. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Juan Vucetich 1901 – Argentinean police official Set up a workable fingerprint classification system based on Galton’s method Used in most Spanish speaking countries. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Juan Vucetich 1902 – a year later, Vucetich first officially identified a criminal using fingerprints. In a small town in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, a woman named Francesca Rojas had murdered her two sons and blamed the attack on a neighbor. Using Vucetich’s methods, police identified bloody fingerprints on a door post as Rojas’s, which led to her confession. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Civil Service Test 1902 – The New York Civil Service began the practice of fingerprinting everyone who took a civil service exam. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Leavenworth Prison 1903 - The death of Bertillon’s anthropomorphic classification. . . . Mainly because . . . A man named Will West arrived there to serve time. When convicted, he received an extra severe sentence because he was a repeat offender. He protested the sentence, stating that he had never been convicted before. As was done with all prisoners on admission, his Bertillon measurements were taken and compared to existing files. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Will and William West Prison officials were astonished to find that another man who was serving a life term for murder had almost identical measurements, and even more amazing, his name was William West . . . And he looked almost the same as the new prisoner! The two men’s fingerprints were taken and, of course, were quite different! Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
a. Will West b. William West Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 1903 – The New York State prison system started fingerprinting all the inmates. 1904 – because of the William West case, Leavenworth Penitentiary also switched to fingerprinting as its primary means of personal identification. 1905 – the U.S. Army began using fingerprints , and the U.S. Department of Justice set up the Bureau of Criminal Identification in Washington D.C. to centralize and standardize the use of fingerprinting. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 1907 – The Navy began using fingerprints, and the Bureau of Criminal Identification was moved to Leavenworth Penitentiary. 1918 Edmond Locard recommended that 12 points of comparison be required to prove the identity of an individual. 1924 – the U.S. Congress established the FBI as the central repository for all fingerprint information. By 1946 it held 100 million fingerprint cards. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 IAFIS 2004 – The FBI crime lab identification section began using the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). It can search 47 million records in 5 minutes! Assuming good quality, IAFIS requires only one print for a match! The final identification however, is always done by hand by a forensic expert. The more than 250 million fingerprint cards already collected are still kept on file. If piled on top of each other, these records would make 133 stacks as high as the Empire State Building! Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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IAFIS http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=ZKi1CKTRCQM&feature=related 6:37 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKi1CKTRCQM&feature=related
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints Chapter 4 Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints 1. Fingerprints are unique. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. 2. Fingerprints do not change with age. A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime. 3. Fingerprints display patterns. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
The Anatomy of a Fingerprint Chapter 4 The Anatomy of a Fingerprint Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Human Skin Human skin is the body’s first line of defense against invasion and infection. The hills and valleys (ridges and grooves) you saw when examining your fingers with a magnifying glass make up the skin pattern that is yours alone. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Skin and Papillae Is made up an outer epidermal layer separated from the inner dermal part by the papillae. The papillae form a boundary that determines the friction ridge structure of the epidermis. The friction ridge pattern of a fingerprint is established by the dermal papillae. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Identical Twins . . . Friction ridges as they are called, can also be found on your palms, feet, and lips. Most amazing, the patterns made by the friction ridges are not genetically controlled, so even identical twins who have the same “DNA fingerprint” will have different fingerprints. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 unitedstreaming.com - Search Results: fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Chemically or physically erasing the epidermal structure, as John Dillinger tried to do, causes only pain because the original print will soon grow back. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 John Dillinger . . . Was as a notorious bank robber who tried to remove his fingerprints by using a corrosive acid. Public Enemy Number One in the early 1930’s paid a doctor $5,000, plus $25 per day for room and board to “dissolve” his fingerprints and perform some minor surgery on his face. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 John Dillinger He had the outer layers of the skin (the epidermis) removed by acid and had plastic surgery performed on his face to conceal his identity. The operation created lots of scar tissue that obscured the ridges in the centers of his fingers, but there were still plenty of minutiae for identification. He was shot and killed on July 22, 1934, during the famous “lady in red” incident outside the Biograph Theater. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 “Lady in Red” The term lady in red derives from the incident in which the FBI was looking for Dillinger, and an informant, Ana Cumpanas (Sage) , stepped forward and said she would be going to the theater with him in the near future. She wanted the cash reward offered for the capture of Dillinger and to be allowed to stay in the United States (she was scheduled for deportation back to Romania as an undesirable alien). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 She was told to wear a bright red dress so that the agents waiting outside the theater could easily spot both her and her date, John Dillinger. When she exited the theater, the agents attempted to arrest the man she was with, but he fled. The agents shot and killed the man, but there was some question whether he was truly John Dillinger. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 The fingerprints of the dead man were taken, and in spite of the presence of a tremendous amount of scar tissue, the FBI was able to match them to those of John Dillinger from fingerprint records taken earlier in his career. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company John Dillinger musical 5:45 John Dillinger and "Baby Face" Nelson Hunted by FBI 2:28 John Dillinger Died Here 1:59 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noIz_NvotMw&feature=fvst John Dillinger 5:45 musical http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bx_mQctz944 John Dillinger and “Baby Face” Nelson Hunted by FBI 2:28 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOrlcPTxwVk John Dillinger Died Here 1:59 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Changes in Fingerprints???? Chapter 4 Changes in Fingerprints???? Certain professions can affect a fingerprint. For example: The ridges of a concrete worker and plasterer can become rather indistinct over time because of the alkalinity of cement and gypsum can dissolve proteins. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Classification of Fingerprints Chapter 4 Classification of Fingerprints Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Patterns All fingerprints can be classified into three basic patterns: Loops Whorls Arches Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Loop A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta. Have a core near the center. The most common type of fingerprint is the loop. Types Radial—Opens toward the thumb – 5% Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little finger) – 60% Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Which type of loop is this, if it is on the right hand? Left hand? Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Whorl Whorls have at least two deltas and a core. Types Plain A line between two deltas will bisect a circle – 20% Central Pocket A line between two deltas will not bisect a circle Double Loop made of two loops. Accidental An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Arch Least common; simplest An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores. Types Plain - 4% Tented – 1% Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Frequency of Fingerprint Patterns Loops Whorls Arches Ulnar Radial Plain Other Plain Tented 60% 5% 20% 10% 4% 1% Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Racial Variations There are racial variations in the distribution of the three patterns. People of African ancestry have more arches People of European background have many loops Asians/Orientals have a higher frequency of whorls. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Other Variations Certain patterns are more likely to be found on particular fingers; for example Forefingers have most of the radial loops. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
How to Roll Fingerprints http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7N-4UNAzsw
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Sir Richard Edward Henry Chapter 4 Sir Richard Edward Henry Developed a method of classifying fingerprints, later modified by the FBI, that allowed all sets of ten fingerprints in the world to be divided into 1,024 groups. Secondary and even more complex classifications were created to allow for even more groups. This is done so that when prints are submitted to the FBI for comparison, most of the millions of sets of prints on file can be weeded out so that only a few dozen sets have to compared by hand. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Primary Classification Chapter 4 Primary Classification The Henry—FBI Classification Each finger is given a point value It is based on the whorl pattern. It requires all ten fingerprints right left Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Primary Classification Chapter 4 Primary Classification Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 = right right right left left thumb middle little index ring +1 That number is your primary classification number Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Complete Your Henry System Classification Chapter 4 Complete Your Henry System Classification Kendall/Hunt
Fingerprint Games Digital fingerprint puzzle – sciencespot and tru tv - Forensic Files: Fingerprint Game on truTV.com Match the fingerprints investigation discovery – sciencespot - Fingerprint Memory Games : Detective Games : Investigation Discovery Match the fingerprints investigation discovery – sciencepost - Fingerprint Memory Games : Detective Games : Investigation Discovery
Chapter 4 Ridge Classification Individualization Ridge Classification Kendall/Hunt
Individualization of Fingerprints Chapter 4 Individualization of Fingerprints You have now classified fingerprints according to general patterns or groups, but to individualize them, you must use the fine structure of ridge characteristics or minutiae. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Ridge Characteristics Chapter 4 Ridge Characteristics Minutiae—characteristics of ridge patterns Ridge ending Short ridge Dot or fragment -about as long as it is wide Bifurcation – a single friction ridge that splits into two ridges. Double bifurcation Trifurcation Bridge Island Enclosure Spur Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Fingerprint Minutiae Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points.. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity when comparing fingerprints for a match. There are 150 – 200 minutiae in a properly rolled fingerprint. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company How many ridge characteristics can you identify in this fingerprint? Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Try It! 1 – Blow up your balloon about halfway and twist the end to keep the air from coming out. Do not tie it off! 2 – Use an ink pad to make a print with all of your fingers and label each one with a permanent marker. Write your name on the balloon as well. 3 – Blow up the balloon to full size and tie the end. 4 – Analyze the fingerprints to find several ridge structures that we have discussed. Use a highlighter to mark these structures on your “My Prints” worksheet. 1 Think About It! Which ridge structures were most common in your fingerprints? Which ridge structures were most common in your group? Were there any structures that were not found in any of the fingerprints?
How to Compare Fingerprints: the basics http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrpTqKkgygA&feature=related 5:44 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrpTqKkgygA&feature=related
Digital Storytelling – Fingerprints 7:58 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ry8920R7bxs&feature=related fbi.gov fingerprint memory game
Chapter 4 Plastic Visible Latent Types of Prints Plastic Visible Latent Kendall/Hunt
1. Plastic Prints - (etched) Chapter 4 1. Plastic Prints - (etched) Prints that are indented or molded Are made by pressing a finger against a plastic-like material to form a negative impression of a fingerprint. Paint, putty, soap, candle wax, gum on envelopes or stamps, a candy bar that has softened in ones hand. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 2. Visible Prints Prints that are easily seen. Left by a finger that has touched colored material such as blood, paint, ink, grease, chalk, mud, or sometimes dust. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 3. Latent Prints So called “invisible” prints that must be developed by chemical or physical means. They result from deposits of perspiration and body oils. A fingerprint on the skin could be an example of a latent print. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Visualizing Latent Prints Chapter 4 Visualizing Latent Prints Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Sweat pores along the ridges release perspiration, which is 98 – 99 % water. So, a fingerprint is composed mostly of water. It is estimated that a fingerprint initially may weight 0.1 milligram, so after evaporation of the water, we have left about 1 microgram of residue. This residue is made up of half salt and half complex organic compounds such as amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and additional body oils picked up on the finger by touching oily or hairy parts of the body. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
This doesn’t leave much for the investigator to work with! Chapter 4 This doesn’t leave much for the investigator to work with! Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Latent Prints Latent fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of the natural secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible. Most secretions come from three glands: Eccrine—largely water with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic compounds (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars). Most important for fingerprints. Apocrine—secrete pheromones and other organic materials. Sebaceous—secrete fatty or greasy substances. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Developing Latent Prints Chapter 4 Developing Latent Prints Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions that cause the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Chapter 4 The first thing you want to do after visualizing a fingerprint is to photograph it! Kendall/Hunt
Developing Latent Prints Chapter 4 Developing Latent Prints Physical Methods Kendall/Hunt
Latent prints can be developed using physical and chemical methods. Chapter 4 Latent prints can be developed using physical and chemical methods. Kendall/Hunt
Dusting is a physical method of developing latent prints Chapter 4 Dusting is a physical method of developing latent prints Dust with a fine powder. Most effective on hard, nonabsorbent surfaces. Adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Color is chosen to stand out against the surface. The developed print can then be “lifted” by means of clear sticky tape and collected for analysis. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Developing Latent Prints with Magnetic Powder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iomWm3_Qvhk&feature=related 2:46 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iomWm3_Qvhk&feature=related
Developing Latent Prints Chapter 4 Developing Latent Prints Chemical Methods Generally more effective for soft, porous surfaces such as paper, Styrofoam cups, leather, metal, etc. Kendall/Hunt
Chemical Methods of Developing Latent Prints Chapter 4 Chemical Methods of Developing Latent Prints Iodine fuming Ninhydrin Cyanoacrylate – also called “superglue fuming” Silver nitrate – physical developer. Should always be done last. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Iodine Fuming Works best for prints on porous paper. Iodine—fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow brown reaction. Iodine reacts with the fatty oils from the finger to form a visible but short lasting print. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Iodine Fingerprint Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Iodine Fuming Processing Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Ninhydrin Is most commonly used with paper and porous surfaces. It reacts with amino acids left by the finger to make an orange to purple image. Ex – matchbook Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Ninhydrin Fingerprint Chapter 4 Ninhydrin Fingerprint Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Ninhydrin Fingerprint Processing Ninhyrdin processing 8:02 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Cyanoacrylate An interesting method of chemically developing fingerprints was discovered by accident in Japan in the late 1970’s. Is now widely used for developing latent prints on nonporous surfaces such as metals, glass, adhesive tapes, and plastic articles Crime 360: Superglue to find fingerprints? Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Cyanoacrylate Finding Fingerprints Chapter 4 Cyanoacrylate Finding Fingerprints It involves evaporating superglue in an enclosed container. The glue, a cyanoacrylate ester, reacts with print residues to make a white, permanent impression that can then be treated with powders or fluorescent dyes to make a sharper contrast and allow easier photography or lifting. “super glue” fumes react with amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints Chapter 4 Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Developing Prints with Superglue http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0e8WXkFA64&feature=related 5:25 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0e8WXkFA64&feature=related Crime 360: Superglue to find fingerprints? 1:00
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Silver Nitrate Also called physical developer. Reacts with salt left from perspiration in a dried print to form silver chloride, a material which turns gray when exposed to light. It is then converted to dark silver oxide. This is the same process used in developing photographs. This must be a last resort because it can wash away traces of fatty oils and proteins. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
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Often, the order of the steps in developing prints is important! Chapter 4 Often, the order of the steps in developing prints is important! When you have just one piece of evidence, first use tests that won’t harm that evidence. You want to get as much information as possible, so you may have to perform several tests. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 For example: To get the best image of latent fingerprints, you might first use iodine fuming; then you might try ninhydrin. You would save the silver nitrate method until last because this procedure will wash away traces of fatty oils and proteins. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
A fingerprint left at the scene of a crime may last for years. . . Chapter 4 A fingerprint left at the scene of a crime may last for years. . . Kendall/Hunt
Lasers and Alterative Light Sources Chapter 4 Lasers and Alterative Light Sources In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in 1978. Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Other Prints Ridge characteristics can be also found on footprints and palm prints. Modern labs also utilize other evidences: A. Ears—shape, length and width B. Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph C. Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot D. Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Other Prints Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Other Prints Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Cheloscopy Lips—display several common patterns Short vertical lines Short horizontal lines Crosshatching Branching grooves Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Other Prints Teeth—bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Other Prints The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 Biometrics Used today in conjunction with AFIS Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system.) Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry Other functions for biometrics—can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Practice Makes Perfect Fingerprints at the Crime Scene Latent Print Concept Map fingerprints and identical twins fingerprint scanner replicating fingerprints Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Chapter 4 More about Prints For additional information about prints and crime, check out Court TV’s Crime Library www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/fingerprints/1.html Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt