Seedless Plants
Plant Evolution
Plant Evolution Nonvascular Seedless plants (Ordovician - 475 mya) (Devonian - 400 mya) Vascular Seed plants (Carboniferous - 360 mya) Flowering plants (Cretaceous - 130 mya)
Plant Evolution (Common with Algae) Multicellular and Eukaryotic Cell walls made of Cellulose Chlorophyll a and b Store excess sugar as starch
Adaptations to Terrestrial Life Apical Meristems Multicellular Dependent Embryos Alternation of Generation Walled Spores produced in Sporangia Other Adaptations Cuticle, stomata, Xylem & Phloem, secondary compounds
Apical Meristems
Multicellular Dependent Embryos
Alternation of Generation
Walled Spores produced in Sporangia
Other Adaptations
Adaptations in Shallow Water Algae Subjected to occasional drying Protection of gametes and embryos in gametangia Sporopollenin
Classification of Seedless Plants Nonvascular Seedless plants Bryophyta Mosses Hepatophyta Liverworts Anthocerophyta Hornworts Vascular Seedless plants Lycophyta Club mosses Psilophyta Whiskferns Spenophyta Horsetails Pterophyta Ferns
Nonvascular Seedless Plants Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) no true leaves, roots, stems Embryophytes gametangia (antheridium and archegonium) sporangium (produces spores)
Hepatophyta Liverworts Two forms leafy (80%) thalloid (20%)
Hepatophyta Liverworts Reproduction asexual (gemmae cups) sexual
Anthocerophyta Hornworts Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes Most closely related to higher plants
Bryophyta Mosses
Bryophyta Mosses
Vascular Seedless Plants Formation of vascular tissue Xylem (water) Phloem (food) True leaves, roots, and stems Lignin Sporophyte generation dominate Sperm with flagella
Lycophyta Lycophytes true leaves microphylls true stems true roots sporophylls leaves that produce spores
Psilophyta Whisk Ferns no true leaves no true roots
Sphenophyta Horsetails true leaves microphylls true stems silica true roots
Division: Pterophyta
Division: Pterophyta
Fern Life Cycle