European Conquest’s Impact on South and Central America (1492-c.1700) Unit 1 - Day 4

The Four Voyages of Columbus First Voyage ( ) Second Voyage ( ) Third Voyage ( )Fourth Voyage ( )

Spain and Portugal in the New World Columbus as governor ( ): 1494 – Plan for Colonization of Hispanola 1. That in the said island there shall be founded three or four towns, situated in the most convenient places, and that the settlers who are there be assigned to the aforesaid places and towns. 2. That for the better and more speedy colonization of the said island, no one shall have liberty to collect gold in it except those who have taken out colonists' papers, 5. That none of the colonists shall go to seek gold without a license from the governor or alcalde …; and that he must first take oath to return to the place whence he sets out, for the purpose of registering faithfully all the gold he may have found, and to return …to render account and show the quantity of said gold; and that this shall be written down … 6. That all the gold thus brought in shall be smelted immediately, and stamped with some mark that shall distinguish each town; and that the portion which belongs to your Highnesses shall be weighed, and given and consigned to each alcalde… 7. That all gold that may be found without the mark of one of the said towns in the possession of any one who has once registered in accordance with the above order shall be taken as forfeited, and that the accuser shall have one portion of it and your Highnesses the other. 9. As regards the division of the gold, and the share that ought to be reserved for your Highnesses, this, in my opinion, must be left to the aforesaid governor and treasurer, because it will have to be greater or less according to the quantity of gold that may be found. Or, should it seem preferable, your Highnesses might, for the space of one year, take one half, and the collector the other, and a better arrangement for the division be made afterward. 10. That if the said alcaldes or notaries shall commit or be privy to any fraud, punishment shall be provided, and the same for the colonists who shall not have declared all the gold they have.

Spain and Portugal in the New World Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) 1502 map showing line of demarcation between Spain (West) and Portugal (East)

Spain and Portugal in the New World Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Spain and Portugal in the New World  Aztec empire conquered  February, Hernando Cortes lands in Mexico with 600 men  July 7, Aztec army (led by Montezuma II) defeated at Otumba  Inca empire conquered  May 13, Francisco Pizarro lands in Peru with 175 men  November 16, 1532 – Emperor Atauhualpa taken prisoner  August 29, 1533 – Atauhualpa exectued Francisco Pizarro Hernando Cortes

Spain and Portugal in the New World How were Cortes and Pizarro able to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas so quickly with so few soldiers?

Spain and Portugal in the New World Map of Spanish and Portuguese possessions through 1650 (p. 478)

Spain and Portugal in the New World  Encomienda System: grants of lands and people to conquistadors as a reward for service in the new world  Initially meant to protect native populations against enslavement  Reciprocal relationship – native Amerindians give gold or services to encomenderos in exchange for protection/conversion  Effect is a kind of legalized slavery

The Columbian Exchange Old World to New WorldNew World to Old World Diseases Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza Common Cold Syphilis Animals Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs Plants Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daises Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Corn Potatoes (White and Sweet) Beans Tobacco Peanuts Squash/Pumpkins Peppers Tomatoes Pineapples Cacao Chicle Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avacados

Spain and Portugal in the New World Colonial Industries in the New World 1. Mining – gold, silver, mercury Potosi Silver Mine discovered in Bolivia 2. Agriculture – Sugar, Molasses, Wheat (Caribbean) 3. Ranching – Cattle (esp. Argentina) 4. Logging – brazilwood

Effects on Native Populations  Peru –  1570 – 1.3 million people  1620 – 600,000 people  Central Mexico  1519 – 25.3 million people  1605 – 1 million people What were some of the causes of this massive population decline?

Effects on Native Populations  Toward a “science” of race: Spaniard + Mestiza = CastizaSpaniard + Indian = Mestizo Spaniard + Castiza = SpaniardMestizo + Indian = Coyote

Effects on Native Populations Negro + Spanish Woman (Espanola) = MulattoMulatto + Spanish Woman = Morisco Spaniard + Morisca = AlbinoSpaniard + Albina = “Backwards” Negro

Effects on Native Populations Negro + Indian = Wolf (lobo)Wolf+ Indian = Sambaiga Sambaiga + Indian = Albarazado Indian + Albarazada = Chamizo

Effects on Native Populations Chamizo + Indian = CambujaIndian + Cambuja = “Backwards” Wolf Backwards Wolf + Indian = “tente en el aire” Albarrado + Indian = Cachimboreta