Do now! Can you discuss with your partner all the things you can remember about the WAVES topic (topic 3)

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Presentation transcript:

Do now! Can you discuss with your partner all the things you can remember about the WAVES topic (topic 3)

Topic 3 Waves

Waves Waves can transfer energy and information without a net motion of the medium through which they travel. They involve vibrations (oscillations) of some sort.

Rays Rays highlight the direction of energy transfer.

Transverse waves The oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Direction of energy transfer oscillation

Transverse waves peak trough

Transverse waves Water ripples Light On a rope/slinky Earthquake

Longitudinal waves The oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Direction of energy transfer oscillation

Longitudinal waves compression rarefraction

Longitudinal waves Sound Slinky Earthquake

Wave measurements

Amplitude - A The maximum displacement from the mean position. amplitude

Period - T The time taken (in seconds) for one complete oscillation. It is also the time taken for a complete wave to pass a given point. One complete wave

Frequency - f The number of oscillations in one second. Measured in Hertz. 50 Hz = 50 vibrations/waves/oscillations in one second.

Period and frequency Period and frequency are reciprocals of each other f = 1/TT = 1/f

Wavelength - λ The length of one complete wave. wavelength

Wave speed - v The speed at which the wave fronts pass a stationary observer. 330 m.s -1

The Wave Equation The time taken for one complete oscillation is the period T. In this time, the wave will have moved one wavelength λ. The speed of the wave therefore is distance/time v = fλ v λ f x

1)A water wave has a frequency of 2Hz and a wavelength of 0.3m. How fast is it moving? 2)A water wave travels through a pond with a speed of 1m/s and a frequency of 5Hz. What is the wavelength of the waves? 3)The speed of sound is 330m/s (in air). When Dave hears this sound his ear vibrates 660 times a second. What was the wavelength of the sound? 4)Purple light has a wavelength of around 6x10 -7 m and a frequency of 5x10 14 Hz. What is the speed of purple light? Some example wave equation questions 0.2m 0.5m 0.6m/s 3x10 8 m/s

Electromagnetic spectrum Long Wavelength Short Wavelength Low Frequency High Frequency

What do they all have in common? They can travel in a vacuum They travel at 3 x 10 8 m.s -1 in a vacuum (the speed of light) They are transverse They are electromagnetic waves (electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each oscillating perpendicularly to the direction of energy transfer)

Light travels faster than sound Speed of light = m/s Speed of sound (in air) = 330 m/s Can you copy this please?

Law of Reflection normal Angle of incidence Angle of reflection mirror angle of incidence = angle of reflection Can you copy please?

Image in a mirror Upright Same size as object Distance from mirror to object = “distance” from image to mirror Laterally inverted

Why?

Refraction Glass block Beam of light Light going from air to glass bends towards the normal Light going from glass to air bends away the normal Can you copy this please?

Refraction When a wave changes speed (normally when entering another medium) it may refract (change direction)

Snell’s law i r Ray, NOT wavefronts speed in substance 1 = sin(i) speed in substance 2 sin(r)

Snell’s law i r Ray, NOT wavefronts In the case of light only, this quantity is called the refractive index (η) η = sin(i) sin(r)

Critical Angle Critical angle (when angle of refraction is 90º) Copy! 90º

Total Internal Reflection Critical angle sin c = 1/η sin(critical angle) = 1/(refractive index)

Examples of Total Internal Reflection

Diffraction Waves spread as they pass an obstacle or through an opening

Diffraction Diffraction is most when the opening or obstacle is similar in size to the wavelength of the wave

Diffraction Diffraction is most when the opening or obstacle is similar in size to the wavelength of the wave

Analogue and digital Let’s read pages 164 and 165.

Advantages of digital signals Less affected by interference Interference is not increased when the signal is amplified Uses weaker signals than analogue.

Sound Longitudinal waves The oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Direction of energy transfer oscillation

The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Can you stick the sheet in?

Amplitude = volume Can you copy this CAREFULLY please?

Pitch = frequency Can you copy this CAREFULLY too please?

Range of hearing Humans can hear up to a frequency of around Hz (20 kHz) Can you copy this too please?

Your own mind-map