MKTG 370 PRICING/DISTRIBUTION Lars Perner, Instructor 1 DISTRIBUTION Intermediaries--functions Intermediaries--structures and their justifications Channel power Cross-national variations Selectivity of distribution--do we want our product available at K- Mart? Parallel Distribution Structures Diversion
MKTG 370 PRICING/DISTRIBUTION Lars Perner, Instructor 2 Intermdiaries: Adding Value MANUF. 1 MANUF. 2 MANUF. 3 WHOLE- SALER (or agent) 1 WHOLE- SALER (or agent) 2 RETAILER PRODUCTS FROM OTHER MANUFS. Value added: breaking bulk consolidating supplies holding inventory
MKTG 370 PRICING/DISTRIBUTION Lars Perner, Instructor 3 Potential Channel Structures (U.S.) Agents/ Brokers Wholesalers Retailers Consumer Producer Wholesalers Retailers Consumer Producer Consumer Producer Retailers Consumer Producer
MKTG 370 PRICING/DISTRIBUTION Lars Perner, Instructor 4 Approaches to Distribution These strategies require tradeoofs: –Wide--essential to low involvement goods –Selective--desire to maintain image –Exclusive--very high prestige needed or very high service requirements Admission By INVITATION ONLY
MKTG 370 PRICING/DISTRIBUTION Lars Perner, Instructor 5 Manufacturer and Retailer Distribution Interests Full service retailers tend dislike intensive distribution Low service channel members can “free ride” on full service sellers Manufacturers may be tempted toward intensive distribution—appropriate only for some; may be profitable in the short run Market balance suggests a need for diversity in product categories where intensive distribution is appropriate Service requirements differ by product category
MKTG 370 PRICING/DISTRIBUTION Lars Perner, Instructor 6 Parallel Distribution Structures MANUFAC- TURER DISTRI- BUTOR RETAILER MAJOR CHAIN (e.g., Wal-Mart) FACTORY OUTLET DIRECT MARKETING
MKTG 370 PRICING/DISTRIBUTION Lars Perner, Instructor 7 Diversion Products often end up where manufacturers did not intend them to go –Trade promotions in one region Within countries Between countries--different price sensitivities and structures may exist (e.g., pharmaceuticals, luxury autos –“Over-purchases” by large buyers to supply Smaller buyers at lower prices Unauthorized distributors (e.g., Levis’ for Price- Costco)