Basic law of energy policy in Japan toward to the development of CES Takao KASHIWAGI Professor, Ph. D, Graduate school of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology

Contents I. Basic plan of energy policy 1. Energy security 2. Conformity to environment 3. Introduction of marketing mechanism into the energy business II. Long-term, comprehensive and intentional policy 1. Promotion of energy demand side measures 2. Development and introduction of various energy sources 3. Secure oil supply 4. Liberalization of electric power and gas supply systems III. Research and development 1. Significance of the development of energy technology and the government measures 2. Selected topics on the research and development targets IV. Others Promotion of information release Role of the local public body, companies, etc. Promotion of the international cooperation

Civic Energy Center Scheme The Study Group for Civic Energy Center Scheme ENGINEERING ADVANCEMENT ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN (ENAA)

1. What is Civic Energy Center? (1) Civic Energy Center Scheme Local and regional governments operates water purification plants and sewage treatment plant within their major cities. Providing a lifeline for the local residence, these facilities are expected to supply uninterrupted services and at the same time to reduce environmental impact and energy costs, as they consume a significant amount of electricity and other energies. An independent, environmentally-friendly energy system was conceived to aid local/regional governments to cope with energy/environmental problems, enhance disaster preparedness, and improve their finances while developing the local/regional infrastructure. This energy system would utilize the resources from the ongoing public/private-sector partnership programs and deregulation and introduce a natural-gas cogeneration system to the public/utility facilities to protect the environment and to improve disaster response and local/regional government finances. “Civic Energy Center Scheme” is defined as a plan to build a regional infrastructure/energy system that centers around public/utility facilities, connecting other facilities in different cities within a region via consigned electric power transmission networks and heat distribution pipelines.

►Energy/Environment Efficient use of energy is sought after to ensure sustainable development. To tackle global environmental problems, development of new energy systems as a local level is necessary. ►Disaster Response Public awareness of the importance of building “safe cities” is heightening. Establishment of stable, reliable lifeline networks is necessary for developing cities that are well prepared for disasters. ►Government Finances Local finances are strained due to sluggish economy and decreased tax revenues. At the same time, local governments are pressed to enhance welfare services, social infrastructure, disaster response, and other programs. ■ Present Status of and Problems in Regional Infrastructure Development Energies will be consumed more efficiently in each region by utilizing new energies and building energy distribution networks. By placing power sources in dispersed locations, reliable, stable energy distribution networks will be established. Energy cost can be reduced by using the cosigned transmission networks which because available as a result of deregulation in electric works projects. Civic Energy Center Scheme Public Utility Facilities: ▪ Consume a large amount of energy - Measures to tackle energy/environmental problems and reduce energy cost are needed. ▪ Provide lifeline for the region - Reliability and uninterrupted services are required. Public/Private-Sector Partnership Project Deregulation in electric works Legislation and further deregulation Figure 1: Present Status of and Problems in Developing Regional Infrastructure Surrounding the Civic Energy Center

(2) Purpose of Civic Energy Center The Civic Energy Center aims to i) address environmental problems, ii) enhance disaster preparedness at local/regional level, and iii) improve local/regional government finances. Details of these objectives are described bellow: I. Providing Solutions to Environmental Problems The Civic Energy Center will: ▪ Contribute to energy conservation and environmental preservation by introducing a cogeneration system fueled by natural gas as a new energy source. ▪ Promote the recycling of waste heat by building waste heat distribution networks. ▪ Reduce the operation time of the cogeneration system and improve efficiency by connecting the cogeneration units in different locations with power networks. ▪ Control the entire system to consume and allocate energy more efficiently.

II. Enhancement of Local/Regional Disaster Preparedness The Civic Energy Center will: ▪ Supply electricity to disaster response facilities in case of emergency. ▪ Supply electricity to key government buildings related to disaster prevention and response via exclusive lines. ▪ Ensure uninterrupted supply of electricity to each region by installing emergency power generators in each supply-side facility. III. Improve of Local/Regional Government Finances The Civic Energy Center will: ▪ Reduce the cost of electricity by utilizing cosigned transmission networks to send or sell self-generated electricity, or complement the shortage or surplus of electricity with other facilities. ▪ Reduce the heat production cost by utilizing waste heat. ▪ Utilizing private investment by implementing partnership projects by the public and private sectors to build new energy infrastructure. ▪ Reduce overall expenses by controlling the entire system.

2. Methods to Introduce Civic Energy Concepts (1) Characteristics of Public Utility Facilities and Methods of Introducing Civic Energy System [1] Water Purification Plant A cogeneration system with emergency power generators will be introduced by taking into account the high consumption of electricity and possible use of heat within the premises. The facility may also be used for disaster response purposes utilizing its large plot of land. [2] Water Supply Pump Facility Cogeneration system is not suitable because of its low electricity demand and fluctuating load. To mitigate the high power rate, less expensive power supplied from the consigned transmission network will be used.

[3] Sewage Treatment Plant A cogeneration system with emergency power generator units will be introduced by taking into account the high consumption of electricity. Transmitting surplus and receiving supplementary power will be done via cosigned transmission networks. Waste heat will be distributed via heat distribution networks to serve the demand of neighboring areas. [4] Sewage Pump Facility Despite its low power consumption, its power rate is relatively high. To save energy cost, a cogeneration system connected to a waste heat distribution network that supplies to the consumers in the neighboring areas will be introduced. Surplus electricity will be sent to other facilities via the cosigned electricity transmission network.

(2) System Flow of Introducing Civic Energy Sewage Treatment Plant CGS Disaster response station System integration control/management Electricity Heat Government buildings (large consumer) Heat demand (Distinct Heating and Cooling) Waste heat Sewage Pump CGS Reciprocal power supply Electricity Waste heat Distribution Network (To be developed into a major heat distribution network by connecting small networks) Reciprocal power supply Heat demand Heat Public facilities (large consumer) Electricity retail Water Supply Pump Flow of electricity Electricity-self consigned transmission Electricity retail Hospital (large consumer) Self-generation/consigned transmission network (using power lines of electric companies) Water Purification Plant CGS Electricity Heat Flow of (waste) heat Figure 2: System Flow of Introducing Civic Energy Power supply via exclusive cables (specified supply)