SSUSH15 The student will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I.

a. Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in World War I, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare. In 1914 war breaks out among European nations. President Woodrow Wilson declares that the U.S. would remain neutral and stay out of foreign wars. “We must be impartial in thought as well as in action.”

American Neutrality Although the President declared the U.S. to be neutral, many in the U.S. supported the Allies (Britain and France). Wilson's cabinet, and many businesses supported going to war on the side of the Allies.

American Neutrality To stop the Allies from receiving supplies from foreign countries, Germany announced that it would use U-boats (submarines) to attack vessels, in British waters. This unrestricted submarine warfare drew protests from the U.S.

American Neutrality In 1915, a German U-boat sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, killing almost 1,200 passengers including 120 Americans. In 1916, the French ship Sussex, was torpedoed by a German U-boat causing several American injuries. Germany and the U.S. signed the Sussex Pledge in which Germany promised not to sink anymore merchant ships without warning: This kept the U.S. out of the war, and helped Wilson win reelection in 1916.

America Goes to War In 1917, Germany tried to enlist the help of Mexico in fighting the U.S.: the Zimmerman Note convinced many Americans that they needed go to war against Germany. In early 1917, Germany resumed its unrestricted submarine warfare and sank six U.S. ships. Wilson declared war on Germany in 1917, joining the Allies.

b. Explain the domestic impact of World War I, as reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs.

Great Migration Northern factories needed workers during the war for two main reasons: -Many white workers joined the war effort or were drafted. -Nearly all immigration from Europe stopped. To replace these workers, thousands of African Americans left the South and moved into Northern cities looking for factory jobs. This movement became known as the Great Migration.

Espionage Act Passed in 1917 the Espionage Act: -established penalties and prison time for aiding the enemy. -penalized disloyalty, or interference with the war effort. The Espionage Act was expanded in 1918 to make it illegal for any public opposition to the war. The Supreme Court also limited American’s freedom of speech (Schenck v. U.S.)

Eugene Debs Leader of the American Railway Union Socialist leader who ran for president in 1912 Socialists believe that the government should own industries (railroads, utilities)

c. Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed League of Nations. The Allies won the war in 1918 and began settling for peace. The “Big Four” (leaders from the U.S., Britain, France, and Italy) led the meetings. Which country is missing from the meeting? Why is this important?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson presented his plan for peace, called the Fourteen Points to Congress. -In the first 5 points he wanted all countries to have free trade freedom of the seas disarmament open diplomacy adjustments of colonial claims These five points were what Wilson felt caused World War I.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points The final point called for the creation of the League of Nations, an organization which would help settle disagreements between member countries. Many countries viewed the Fourteen Points as being too lenient on Germany

The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty was signed by Germany in 1919, and punished Germany for “starting” the war. Germany would have to: -dismantle their army and navy -pay war reparations of $33 billion (which they did not have) -The Treaty left Germany in shambles Most of Wilson’s Fourteen Points were dismissed by the other leaders, with the exception of the Fourteenth Point.

League of Nations Wilson’s League of Nations was voted down by the U.S. Congress in Many Congressmen worried that it made the U.S. too involved in European affairs.

d. Describe passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing Prohibition, and the Nineteenth Amendment, establishing woman suffrage. The 18 th Amendment took effect in 1920 banning the manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcohol Supporters of prohibition thought that it would reduce unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty. Which groups of people do you think supported prohibition?

18 th Amendment The Amendment was extremely difficult to enforce so that by 1933, the 21 st Amendment was passed repealing the 18 th Amendment. Why do you think the 18 Amendment was so difficult to enforce? What wasn’t banned by the 18 th Amendment?

19 th Amendment (1920) Women’s Suffrage: The Right to Vote Women’s suffrage movement groups originally tied their cause to that of African-American suffrage.

19 th Amendment -In 1890 the National American Women’s Association was formed. Carrie Chapman Catt became the leader. -Individual states began giving women the right to vote, gaining support for a Constitutional Amendment. -The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in1920.

SSUSH16 The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of WW I.

a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the Red Scare and immigrant restriction. The number of Labor Unions rose during WW I Unions began using strikes as a means of trying to gain better working conditions Strikes were associated with Communist-led protests in Europe and worried many Americans that Communism would spread to the U.S. The mayor of Seattle felt that strikers wanted to “take possession of our American government and try to duplicate the anarchy of Russia”

350,000 steel workers went on strike in The head of U.S. Steel blamed the unrest on foreign radicals and broke the strike by hiring African Americans and Mexicans to work.

The Red Scare Numerous strikes in 1919 led many Americans to believe that the Communists were trying to start a revolution in the U.S. The Communists were blamed for sending bombs through the postal system as a way of disrupting the American way of life As a way of limiting “radicals” Congress passed laws limiting foreign immigration to the U.S. Red Scare – fear of communism spreading

b. Identify Henry Ford, mass production, and the automobile.

Henry Ford 1n 1908 Henry Ford began to mass produce cars, automobiles that the “everyday” man could afford. He paid his workers $5 a day and sold his original Model “T” for $825.

Ford used the idea of mass production to build his cars on an assembly line. Each worker had a specific job to do, which helped speed up the building process, reducing the cost of automobiles.

The automobile changed how Americans lived, allowing them to travel greater distances much quicker The automobile industry also created growth in other industries such as the rubber, glass, and lead industries

c. Describe the impact of radio and the movies

Radio companies such as CBS and NBC were formed in the 1920s. Radios allowed listeners to hear instant news of events and was way for families to come together to listen to broadcasts. Movies in the 1920s helped show “modern” lifestyles to Americans.

d. Describe modern forms of cultural expression; include Louis Armstrong and the origins of jazz, Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance, Irving Berlin, and Tin Pan Alley.

Louis Armstrong - Born in New Orleans and moved to Chicago in his 20s -Played the cornet and trumpet and played an improvised form of Dixie Ragtime and jazz -Influential in the New York jazz scene Ain’tMisbehavin’: When the Saints Come Marching in: mp3 mp3 Langston Hughes - Born in Mississippi -Wrote poems describing the disenfranchisement of many African Americans For one of just a few known recordings of Langston Hughes click on the link below. d=22357

Langston Hughes Life is Fine I went down to the river, I set down on the bank. I tried to think but couldn't, So I jumped in and sank. I came up once and hollered! I came up twice and cried! If that water hadn't a-been so cold I might've sunk and died. Though you may hear me holler, And you may see me cry– I'll be dogged, sweet baby, If you gonna see me die. Life is fine! Fine as wine! Life is fine! I, Too, Sing America I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, I'll be at the table When company comes. Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen," Then. Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed– I, too, am America. To hear Langston Hughes read I, Too click on the following link and click on the tab in red: Poet.do?poetId= Poet.do?poetId=1551

Tin Pan Alley Tin Pan Alley was the name given to New York City’s songwriters and music publishers during the 1920s One of the most famous writers was Irving Berlin, who wrote such songs as “God Bless America”, “White Christmas”, and “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” Listen to some samples: -Alexander’s Ragtime Band: -White Christmas: