Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Michael Hall 12 Drinking Responsibly: A Lifestyle Challenge on Campus

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objectives Summarize the alcohol use patterns of college students, and discuss overall trends in consumption. Explain the physiological and behavioral effects of alcohol. Explain the symptoms and causes of alcoholism, its cost to society, its and effects on the family. Explain the treatment of alcoholism, including the family’s role, and varied treatment methods.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alcohol and College Students Approximately 85% of college students consume alcohol 1/3 of college students are heavy drinkers College drinkers spend more on alcoholic beverages than on soft drinks and textbooks combined

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 12.1 The Frequency and Effects of Binge Drinking among College Students Table 12.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Binge Drinking and College Students Binge drinking – 5 drinks in a row for men, 4 drinks in a row for women on a single occasion According to the Harvard School of Public Health, 2001: 44.8% of students were binge drinkers 22.8% were frequent drinkers (binge drink 3 or more times in a 2-week period) Frequent binge drinkers are 16 times more likely to miss class, 8 times more likely to get behind in their school work

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 12.2 Psychological and Physical Effects of Various Blood-Alcohol Concentration Levels Table 12.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.1 Alcoholic Beverages and Their Alcohol Equivalencies Figure 12.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Chemical Makeup of Alcohol Ethyl alcohol or ethanol – the intoxicating substance Fermentation – yeast organisms break down plant sugars, yielding ethanol and carbon dioxide Distillation – alcohol vapors from the fermented mash are collected and mixed with water Proof – the measure of percentage of alcohol; the alcohol percentage is 50% of the given proof: 100 proof vodka is 50% alcohol by volume

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) BAC – the ratio of alcohol to total blood volume Despite individual differences, alcohol produces some general behavioral effects depending on BAC Learned behavioral tolerance – person learns to modify their behavior to appear sober despite a high BAC

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Absorption and Metabolism Alcohol molecules are sufficiently small and fat-soluble to be absorbed throughout the entire gastrointestinal system Factors that influence how quickly body absorbs alcohol: Alcohol concentration in beverage Amount of alcohol consumed Amount of food in stomach Pylorspasm Mood

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alcohol Poisoning Death from alcohol poisoning can be caused by central nervous system and respiratory depression or inhalation of vomit or fluid into the lungs The amount of alcohol that causes someone to “pass out” is dangerously close to the “lethal dose” Signs of alcohol poisoning: Unable to be aroused Weak, rapid pulse Unusual or irregular breathing pattern Cool, damp, pale, bluish skin

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Women and Alcohol Women have different body fat composition than men Women have half the amount of alcohol hydrogenase, the enzyme that breaks down alcohol; if a woman and a man drink the same amount of alcohol, the woman will have a BAC that is 30% higher

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 12.3 Calculation of Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration for Women and Men Table

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 12.3 Calculation of Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration for Women and Men (continued) Table

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Immediate Effects The primary action of alcohol is to depress the central nervous system Diuretic – results in fluid being drawn out of cerebrospinal fluid and leads to mitochondrial dehydration Alcohol irritates the gastrointestinal system Hangover Congeners – forms of alcohol that are metabolized slower than ethanol and more toxic Drug interactions

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 12.4 Drugs and Alcohol: Actions and Interactions Table 12.4

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long-Term Effects Effects on the nervous system Cardiovascular effects Antithrombotic effect Liver disease – alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis Cancer Irritant to gastrointestinal system Inflammation of the pancreas Block absorption of calcium Interferes with immunity

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alcohol and Pregnancy Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) – alcohol consumed during the first trimester may affect organ development, alcohol consumed during the last trimester may affect the central nervous system development Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) – children with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure but with fewer than the full physical or behavioral symptoms of FAS

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Drinking And Driving Approximately 41% of traffic fatalities in 2002 were alcohol related According to the College Alcohol Study, 20% of nonbingers, 43% of occasional bingers, and 59% of frequent bingers reported driving while intoxicated

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2 Percentage of Fatally Injured Passenger Vehicle Drivers with BACs >0.10 Percent, by Driver Age Figure 12.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol abuse – interferes with work, school, or social and family relationships or entails any violation of the law Alcoholism – when personal and health problems related to alcohol use are severe and stopping alcohol consumption results in withdrawal symptoms

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Causes of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Biological and family factors: Type 1 alcoholics – drinkers that had at least one parent of either sex that was a problem drinker Type 2 alcoholics – seen in males only, biological sons of alcoholic fathers Social and cultural factors: Social pressure Family attitude toward drinking

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Effects of Alcoholism on the Family Children in alcoholic dysfunctional families generally assume at least one of the following roles: Family hero Scapegoat Lost child Mascot

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Costs to Society Half of all traffic accidents are attributable to alcohol In1998, alcohol related costs to society were $184.6 billion when health insurance, criminal justice costs, treatment costs, and lost productivity were factored in Responsible for 25% of nation’s medical costs and lost earnings 50% of all child abuse cases are the result of alcohol- related problems

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Women and Alcoholism Trend is for women, especially college-age women to drink more heavily Some studies suggest that there are almost as many female as male alcoholics Women get addicted faster with less alcohol Female alcoholics have death rates 50–100% higher than male alcoholics

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Recovery The family’s role Treatment programs: Private treatment facilities Family therapy, individual therapy, and group therapy Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Al-Anon Alateen

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Relapse Approximately 60% of alcoholics relapse within the first three months of treatment A comprehensive approach is needed – drug therapy, group support, family therapy, and personal counseling designed to improve living and coping skills is usually the most effective course of treatment