Chemistry of Life Essential Question: What chemicals build living things?

What is biochemistry? The branch of chemistry that studies organic compounds The branch of chemistry that studies organic compounds

What is an organic compound? Any compound containing Carbon

Why is life based on carbon? Carbon is found in all living things! Carbon is not stable by itself Carbon can make four covalent bonds Carbon is found in all living things! Carbon is not stable by itself Carbon can make four covalent bonds

Carbon loves bonding! 5Tao 5Tao pDrfI pDrfI 5Tao 5Tao pDrfI pDrfI

What 6 elements does carbon bond with to build living things? C-H-N-O- P-S Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

DNA

Carbon combines with elements to build huge molecules We call these huge molecules “Macromolecules”

Macromolecules are made of smaller subunits These subunits are called Monomers Monomers bond together to form polymers These subunits are called Monomers Monomers bond together to form polymers Polymerization

Monomers combine to make polymers. Mono= One Poly= many Mono= One Poly= many Monomer= subunits Monomer= subunits Example: Glucose Example: Glucose Monomers bond together to build Polymers Monomers bond together to build Polymers Example: Starch Example: Starch Mono= One Poly= many Mono= One Poly= many Monomer= subunits Monomer= subunits Example: Glucose Example: Glucose Monomers bond together to build Polymers Monomers bond together to build Polymers Example: Starch Example: Starch WATCH ME!!!!!!!!!!!!

Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid –

Chemical reactions are essential to life To make organic and inorganic compounds we talk about we need chemical reactions to occur! To make organic and inorganic compounds we talk about we need chemical reactions to occur! Anabolism: Reactions that BUILD compounds Catabolism: Reactions that BREAK compounds Anabolism + Catabolism =Metabolism, the essential processes that allow organisms to be alive! To make organic and inorganic compounds we talk about we need chemical reactions to occur! To make organic and inorganic compounds we talk about we need chemical reactions to occur! Anabolism: Reactions that BUILD compounds Catabolism: Reactions that BREAK compounds Anabolism + Catabolism =Metabolism, the essential processes that allow organisms to be alive!

So….So…. Anabolic processes build polymers of: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates NEEDS ATP (energy) Catabolic processes break these into monomers of: amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides MAKES ATP (energy) MAKES ATP (energy) Anabolism is powered by catabolism! Anabolism is powered by catabolism! Anabolic processes build polymers of: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates NEEDS ATP (energy) Catabolic processes break these into monomers of: amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides MAKES ATP (energy) MAKES ATP (energy) Anabolism is powered by catabolism! Anabolism is powered by catabolism!

Let’s focus on 4 basic carbon-based macromolecules found in all living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates: CHO Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy

Carbohydrates: C-H-O Form 6 carbon rings: Form 6 carbon rings: Carbohydrates are built by single sugars, monosaccharides (glucose or fructose) Carbohydrates are built by single sugars, monosaccharides (glucose or fructose) The single sugars are bonded to form polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) The single sugars are bonded to form polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) Form 6 carbon rings: Form 6 carbon rings: Carbohydrates are built by single sugars, monosaccharides (glucose or fructose) Carbohydrates are built by single sugars, monosaccharides (glucose or fructose) The single sugars are bonded to form polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) The single sugars are bonded to form polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

What carbs do you eat?

animations.blogspot.com/2010/08/organic- molecules-carbohydrates-video.html animations.blogspot.com/2010/08/organic- molecules-carbohydrates-video.html animations.blogspot.com/2010/08/organic- molecules-carbohydrates-video.html animations.blogspot.com/2010/08/organic- molecules-carbohydrates-video.html

Lipids: CHO

Lipids (continued) Lipids can be used to store energy in fats. They make up membranes of cells. They are the waxy coating on leaves and bird feathers.

Lipids C-H-O Simple fats, Triglycerides, are formed from glycerol and 3 fatty acids (monomers) Simple fats, Triglycerides, are formed from glycerol and 3 fatty acids (monomers) Cholesterol is a type of lipid used to make hormones Cholesterol is a type of lipid used to make hormones Simple fats, Triglycerides, are formed from glycerol and 3 fatty acids (monomers) Simple fats, Triglycerides, are formed from glycerol and 3 fatty acids (monomers) Cholesterol is a type of lipid used to make hormones Cholesterol is a type of lipid used to make hormones

Proteins Proteins are important in all cell processes, forming bones & muscles, transporting stuff in and out of cells Proteins are built from monomers called amino acids Proteins are important in all cell processes, forming bones & muscles, transporting stuff in and out of cells Proteins are built from monomers called amino acids

Protein structure determines function Primary structure: amino acid chain Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure: Specific folding to determine its function

Enzymes are important proteins

Nucleic Acids- CHNOP Nucleic Acids contain the genetic information needed in all living things Nucleic Acids contain the genetic information needed in all living things Two types: DNA and RNA Two types: DNA and RNA Monomer = Nucleotides Monomer = Nucleotides Nucleotide made of a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base Nucleotide made of a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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Name the macromolecule!

PolymerMonomer polysaccharidesmonosaccharides triglyceride Fatty Acids + glycerol Protein/polypeptideAmino Acids DNA/RNANucleotides Remember: Monomers bond together to make polymers. Chemical bonds are ENERGY!

Review What are the chemicals of life? What is the one element necessary for life? What are the 4 organic compounds that can be found in living things? The more chemical bonds, the more _______. What are the chemicals of life? What is the one element necessary for life? What are the 4 organic compounds that can be found in living things? The more chemical bonds, the more _______.