Organizing Life What is It? Why Classify?
I. Classification A.What is it? 1. Grouping of organisms based on similarities. 2. Examples of classification: a. books in the library b. parts in an auto shop c. names in the phone book B.Why classify? 1. It is easier to manage and use the information. 2. It shows relationships among living things.
Taxonomy def: The science of classifying living things.
Taxonomist def: a scientist who studies classification
Early taxonomists… Aristotle ( B.C.) *Greek philosopher *devised the 1 st formal classification system for living things. *said the earth was the center of the solar system
Aristotle Said there were two types of living things: 1.Plants a. herbs (soft stems) b. shrubs (several, woody stems) c. trees (single, woody stems) 2.Animals a. land dwellers b. water dwellers c. air dwellers
Problems with Aristotle’s System –Frog- Half of life is in water (tadpole), half is on land –Didn’t know about bacteria or one celled organisms (no microscopes)
Early taxonomists… Carolus Linnaeus ( ) *Swedish botanist *devised the 2-part naming system that is used today for living things called Binomial Nomenclature. CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Carolus Linnaeus Used the following criteria as his basis for classification: 1.based on structural similarities (Morphology) 2.used Latin names to name organisms. 3.set up the system of binomial nomenclature. (scientific names)
*Rules for writing scientific names* 1.The GENUS is written first and the species is written second. Ex: Homo (Genus) sapiens (species) = Homo sapiens 2.The first letter in the first word (GENUS) is capitalized, and the second word is written lower case. Ex: Homo sapiens 3.The scientific name must be underlined or written in italics. Ex: Homo sapiens Homo sapiens
Scientific Names… An organism has only ONE scientific name. common dog Canus familiaris wolf Canus lupus box turtle Terrapene carolina Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed deer
Scientists DO NOT use common names of organisms !!! *Common names are the everyday name of an organism. Reason #1: The names are not very descriptive, which can be confusing in naming the organisms.
*Common names are the everyday name of an organism. Reason #2: There can be more than one common name for an organism English sparrow House sparrow Sycamore tree buttonwood
Tools of Classification
A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships
Dichotomous Keys Aid in identifying unknown organisms Pairs of statements with two choices of characteristics Only one choice will apply to the unknown organism This will lead to another pair of characteristics.. And so on…
Until the organism is identified
Archaea Archae- bacteria Bacteria Eubacteria Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell Type (Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote) Cell # (Unicellular vs. Multicellular) Nutrition (Autotroph vs. Heterotroph) Habitat General Facts (at least 2)
Organisms are classified by the following criteria… 1.Structure is the basis. (Morphology) 2.Early stages of development (Embryology) 3.Chromosomes, gene sequence, amino acids (Biochemistry) 4.The way they act (Behavior)
3 Domain System
Levels of Classification (Taxonomic Categories – Taxa) 1.Domain 2.Kingdoms“ Most Inclusive ” 3.Phyla *(Division) 4.Class 5.Order 6.Family 7.Genus 8.Species“ Least Inclusive ” 1.Did 2.King 3.Phillip 4.Came 5.Over 6.From 7.Great 8.Spain ? Memory Aid:
Taxonomy for Istrian Sheepdog *Be able to compare two organisms on a chart.
How many “KINGDOMS” are there in Biology? FIVE There are FIVE kingdoms in Biology: 1.Monera 2.Protista 3.Fungi 4.Plantae 5.Animalia SIX There are SIX kingdoms in Biology: 1.*Archaebacteria 2.*Eubacteria 3.Protista 4.Fungi 5.Plantae 6.Animalia OLD VERSION CURRENT VERSION ***VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE LIVING!!! Classification Video
Kingdom: Monera Type of cells: prokaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: most unicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotrophic & Autotrophic Examples: Bacteria *New Kingdoms: *Archaebacteria - cell walls lack muramic acid (live in extreme regions) *Eubacteria - cell walls have muramic acid.
Kingdom: Protista Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: most unicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotrophic & Autotrophic Examples: amoeba, euglena, paramecium Paramecium Amoeba Euglena
Kingdom: Fungi Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: Mostly multicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotrophic Examples: Mushroom, yeast, molds Mushroom Yeast Molds
Kingdom: Plantae Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: Multicellular Mode of Nutrition: Autotrophic Examples: Mosses, ferns, pine tree, tomatoes Moss fern tomatoes
Kingdom: Animalia Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: multicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotrophic Examples: sponges, snails, insects, worms, jellyfish, birds