INTRODUCTION TO PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS

Genetics The study of heredity The study of heredity The study of how differences between individuals are transmitted from one generation to the next The study of how differences between individuals are transmitted from one generation to the next The study of how information in the genes is used in the development and functioning of the adult organism The study of how information in the genes is used in the development and functioning of the adult organism

Genetics Biochemistry Gene products are studied in vivo through the genes that encode them Gene products are purified and studied in vitro Genetic analysis tells you that the product has a role in the process It doesn’t tell you how direct the role is Biochemistry tells you what a protein can do in vitro It doesn’t tell you whether it really does it in vivo

Three Major Areas of Genetics Classical Genetics (Transmission) Molecular Genetics Evolutionary Genetics Mendel’s Principles Genom Quantitative Genetics Meiosis + mitosis DNA structure Population Genetics Sex determination Chemistry of DNA Evolution Sex linkage TranscriptionSpeciation Chromosomal mapping Translation Cytogenetics Control of gene expression DNA cloning

Major Subdisciplines of Genetics n Transmission Genetics: focuses on the transmission of genes and chromosomes in individuals from generation to generation. n Molecular Genetics: focuses on the structure and function of genes at the molecular level. n Population Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by one or only a few genes. n Quantitative Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by many genes simultaneously.

Molecular Genetics ? Understanding the molecular basis of biological processes through studies on the gene Study of gene structure, function and regulation – below the organism level Study of genes and how they are expressed The Molecular Basis of Genetics Molecular Biology? Study of molecules in cells

The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?

GenomeGenes, regulatory sequencesOthers? The Molecular Basis of Genetics ? RNA Polypeptides

1.Genome 2.Chromosome 3.DNA/RNA 4.Nucleic Acid 5.Protein 6.Amino Acid The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?

Genome Total genetic information carried by a single set of chromosome in a haploid nucleus Chromosome A DNA – histone protein thread, usually associated with RNA, occurring in the nucleus of a cell Chromosomes contain hundreds of genes encoded within their DNA. Nucleic Acid Nucleotide polymers which high molecular mass, produced by living cell and found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm DNA Double stranded form of genetic material of organisms The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?

RNA Single stranded form of genetic material of organisms result of the DNA transcription Nucleotide Unit structure of nucleic acid Protein a polymer that has a high relative molecular mass of amino acids Polypeptide a linear polymer that consists of ten or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds Amino Acid An organic compound containing an acidic carboxyl group and a basic amino group The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?

INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR GENETICS Genome Genome Genetic Material (DNA & RNA) Genetic Material (DNA & RNA) DNA structure DNA structure Chemistry of DNA Chemistry of DNA Transcription and translation Transcription and translation Control of gene expression Control of gene expression Molecular tool Molecular tool DNA cloning DNA cloning

Grading system Grade : 0 – 100 Grade : 0 – 100 A > 80 A > 80 B – D → 45 – 80 (Normal distribution) B – D → 45 – 80 (Normal distribution) E < 45 E < 45 Grade composition Home work :30 Mid-term:30 Final Exam :40