1 A Consultancy on management of large amounts of radioactive waste after an emergency situation ～ Experience on aftermath of Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident ～ 4-8 February 2013

Outline of waste management established by MOE 2 What to manage (Waste characterization) Where to manage/Who is operator?/ Objective of waste management Temporary StoragePredisposalDisposal Evacuation Area (=Restricte d Area + Deliberate Evacuation Area) 1.Combustible waste 2. Incombustible waste 3. Waste arising from decontamination work (Wood, Grass, etc.) Evacuation area (Countermeasure area) / National Gov./ Reduction of radiation dose to the decontamination workers and the public <=100,000Bq/kg Incineration facilities etc./Waste generators or local gov. /Reduction of the volumes of wastes <=100,000Bq/kg The places where national government has been proposed/ National Gov./Waste Removal >100,000Bq/kg The places where national government has been proposed/ National Gov./ Reduction of the volumes of wastes, Reduction of radiation dose to the decontamination workers and the public >100,000Bq/kg The places where national government has been proposed except for Fukushima Pref./ National Gov./Waste Removal, Reduction of radiation dose to the decontamination workers and the public Out of Evacuation Area > 8,000Bq/kg Designated waste (ex. Incineration ash, Wasted sludge (Domestic water), Wasted sludge (Industrial water), Sewage sludge, Agriculture and forestry waste, Waste arising form decontamination work) Out of Evacuation Area / Waste generators /Reduction of radiation dose to the decontamination workers and the public Incineration facilities /National gov./Reduction of the volumes of wastes, Reduction of radiation dose to the decontamination workers and the public The place where national government has been proposed or existing final disposal sites/National Gov./Waste Removal, Reduction of radiation dose to the decontamination workers and the public Note: 1. Management of contaminated soil arising from decontamination work is similar to waste management mentioned above. 2. Waste ( ≦ 8,000 Bq/kg of Cs-134, -137) was evaluated to be able to conduct processing and disposal in existing domestic/ industrial service facilities.

When to start waste management What to manage (Waste characterization) Where to manage/Who is operator?/ Objective of waste management Temporary StoragePredisposalDisposal NPS on-siteAn early phase of an emergency exposure situation 1.Debris 2.Rubbles (Concrete, Metals, Soil) 3.Treatment equipment for contaminated water (Cesium adsorption vessels, Sludge etc.) 4.PPE (Personal protective equipment) 5.Logged woods NPS Site/ TEPCO/ a. Reduction of radiation dose to the worker, b. Reduction of radiological impact outside the site, c. Trees had to be cut down in order to secure the space for new installation (e.g. contaminated water tank). NPS Site/ TEPCO/ a. Reduction of worker’s radiation, b. Reduction of radiological impact outside the site, c. Reduction of the volumes of wastes ?/?/To carry out decommissioning Areas where decontamina tion activities are needed A late phase of an emergency exposure situation [Wastes arising from decontamination activities] 1.Combustible wastes 2. Incombustible wastes 3.Others (Woods, Grass, etc.) Places where decontamination are being or has been conducted / -/ Reduction of radiation dose to the decontamination workers and the public The place where national government has been proposed/ -/ a. Reduction of radiation dose to the decontamination workers and the public, b. Reduction of the volumes of wastes The place where national government has been proposed/-/Waste Removal The period when those wastes are found out [ Wastes arising from non- decontamination activities] 1.Incineration ash 2.Wasted sludge (Domestic water) 3.Wasted sludge (Industrial water) 4.Sewage sludge 5.Agriculture waste (> 8,000Bq/kg) Spots where those wastes were generated /Waste generators /Reduction of radiation dose to the public Incineration facilities/-/a. Reduction of radiation dose to the public, b. Reduction of the volumes of wastes The place where national government has been proposed/-/Waste Removal Waste management related to Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident 3

4 1. Properties of wastes generated from NPS site and outside the site are different. Waste from NPS site are also generated from controlled area. Those waste contain many kinds of RNs such as Co-60, H-3 and Sr-90 etc., and may contain even spent fuel debris. Waste outside the site mainly contain Cs-134 and Radioactive waste management at NPS site will intend to achieve a different goal from those outside the site. As compared with NPS site where no residents exist, the waste management outside the site should be conducted primarily in accordance with the radiation protection of general public. Since the difference between the approaches for the management at NPS site and for that outside the site is too large and substantial, we propose to exclude the discussion on waste management at NPS site from the scope of this guidance.

What should be included in the guidance? 5 Areas where decontamination activities can be needed Emergency preparedness arrangementResponse for waste management after accident Wastes arising from decontamination activities Temporary storage Matters that have to be considered as legal and regulatory framework Definition of responsibilities for relevant organizations Method for temporary storage (each property of waste) Matters that have to be considered as legal and regulatory framework Definition of responsibilities for relevant organizations Predisposal Matters that have to be considered as legal and regulatory framework Definition of responsibilities for relevant organizations Waste characterization and waste acceptance criteria (WAC) Requirements of implementation in an emergency exposure situation and in an existing exposure situation Impact and consideration of properties of waste in terms of implementation Matters that have to be considered as legal and regulatory framework Definition of responsibilities for relevant organizations Licensing process in accordance with graded approach Development of safety case and safety assessment in accordance with graded approach Communication with interested parties Siting process Disposal Matters that have to be considered as legal and regulatory framework Availability of disposal facilities in an existing exposure situation

Emergency preparedness arrangementResponse for waste management after accident Wastes arising from non- decontaminati on activities Temporary storage Matters that have to be considered as legal and regulatory framework Definition of responsibilities for relevant organizations Identification of spots where those wastes may be generated from and waste characterization in accordance with graded approach Handling method of waste generated from identified spots (each property of waste) Matters that have to be considered as legal and regulatory framework Definition of responsibilities for relevant organizations Predisposal Matters that have to be considered as legal and regulatory framework Definition of responsibilities for relevant How to adopt use of existing facilities using for domestic and industrial waste (each property of waste/WAC) Recycle/ reuse of waste generated from identified spots Communication with interested parties Disposal Matters that have to be considered as legal and regulatory framework How to adopt use of existing facilities using for domestic and industrial waste (each property of waste/WAC) 6 Areas where decontamination activities can be needed What should be included in the guidance?

7 Discussion on development of safety case and safety assessment in accordance with graded approach The management of the wastes contaminated by accidentally generated radioactive materials should be carried out in accordance with graded approach, so that the methods for processing and storage will be commensurate with the hazard potential (such as radiological and chemical) of the wastes. In terms of interim storage facilities, requirement of implementation should be identified by properties of waste. Generation of flammable gas (e.g. Methane) should be considered Substances outside NPS site Radiation protection needed? Accidentally generated Radioactive materials [Evaluation criteria] We need radiation protection in those area in accordance with graded approach. Usable/disposable without radiation protection. Evaluation criteria Properties (substances, amounts, activities, RNs composition) and reasonable scenarios Stepwise approach (Remediation process) Reuse/RecycleProcessing Disposal YES NO