Aim: How did Labor Unions respond to the working conditions of the Industrial Revolution? Do Now: Turn to the next slide and begin your journey. Complete all assignments in your notes as you go through. HW: Half period test tomorrow. Study!

 Activity: Observe the following photographs and identify the different impacts industrialization on labor. Write the impacts in your notes. Write any other additional response you have to the images. While viewing each photograph think about the following:  Who is doing the work?  What are the hazards?  What type of work are they doing? Would they need training? (skilled vs. unskilled)  Think about these questions when you are looking at the pictures!  What was it like to live during this time period?

Part I: Working Conditions- What do you see? What do you think of it?

Every year approximately 200 miners per mine died. Here is an example of a cemetery where the industry that may have put them there in the background.

A group of miners pose for a picture…… feet underground!!!!! That is almost ½ of a mile!

3 miners waiting to use the primitive elevator to lower them into the mining shaft for a days work! 3 miners waiting to use the primitive elevator to lower them into the mining shaft for a days work!

Working Conditions- What did you see? Make sure you took notes! Record your findings!

Part II. Women and Children in the Workplace – What do you see?

How is Big Business treating its workers according to the picture? How is Big Business treating its workers according to the picture?

Children stand on the machine while it is in motion!!!!

Here is a SIX year old girl working in a cotton mill

Look carefully, what is missing?

What occupational (job) hazards can you find in this picture? A candle would be placed into his hat to provide light while working in the mines!

The taller boy standing to the right oversees the breaker boys who separate the coal from the stones during mining. The machine used is moving quickly and they are not allowed to wear gloves! Why might this be dangerous?

Women sewing in a garment factory.

Women canning fruits in order to preserve them!

Women and Children in the Workplace – What did you see? What do you think of it? Record your findings!

STOP!!! ► Directions: Now look at your observations about how industrialization impacted labor and using an example (evidence) from each category copy and answer the question below in your notes ► EQ: How did Industrialization impact labor in the United States?

NEXT STEPS! ► Discuss with your partner and answer in your notes (think about your hw): ► What do you think needs to be done to solve the problems created by industrialization?

What actually happens? LABOR MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES TAKES PLACE!!!

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) Causes = founded by Samuel Gompers = made up of skilled workers who had belonged to national trade unions and needed a group to fight for their rights as workers Results - gained better working conditions by “collective bargaining” or group negotiations. Used strikes as well. - higher pay & shorter hours - favored the use of strikes AFL = leading union in the US

Eugene Debs ► Believed that unions should include all kinds of workers ► Formed the American railway Union which consisted of many unskilled workers. ► He successfully won higher wages in a strike ► Was a Socialist-meaning he favored more government control of business so that wealth would be equally distributed amongst the population. He hated that the rich were getting richer and the poor were getting poorer? Answer in your notes: Would Eugene Debs have agreed with Karl Marx’s ideas? Explain!!!!

How did these Unions achieve their goals? The Strike! ► In the next series of slides, you will read about three major strikes that took place. For each strike, answer the following: ► 1) What led to the strike? ► 2) Was the strike successful in your opinion? Why or why not?

THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 CAUSES The great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 16, when railroad workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad staged a spontaneous strike after yet another wage cut. After The great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 16, when railroad workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad staged a spontaneous strike after yet another wage cut. After RESULTS President Rutherford Hayes sent federal troops to West Virginia to save the nation from “insurrection,” the strike spread across the nation. -surge in Union membership Discuss with partner: How did the government view the strike?

Haymarket Square Chicago 1886 CAUSES = workers from McCormick Harvesting Machine Company struck for an 8 hour day (They wanted a reduction in the amount of hours they worked in a given day). However, the Knights of Labor (union) did not support their actions. = police came - four strikers killed and several wounded. = next day at a rally in Haymarket Square- anarchists spoke up against police & treatment of workers. = Thousands protest the killings and during the rally the police break up the meeting - someone threw a bomb at police - 7 police die. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with another 50 injured. Effect/Result: Anti-Labor feelings sweep the nation and membership in the Knights of Labor Union fell drastically! KNL unfairly linked to the anarchists

Haymarket pictures- Causes: Haymarket Square prior to the demonstration as protestors being to rally because of the poor treatment they received... In response the police spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with another 50 injured. Results: Police respond to the protestors and a bomb goes off… The result-. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with another 50 injured.

Pullman Strike: ► National Guard fires on Pullman strikers, from Harper's Weekly (1894) CAUSES: Owner George Pullman, who hoped to prevent labor discontent, but he was not willing to grant high wages. Workers for Pullman lived in a "company town" where everything was owned by the corporation, including their housing and local store. The Pullman Company controlled every aspect of their lives, and practiced "debt slavery" Money owed was automatically deducted from workers' paychecks and frequently workers would never see their earnings at all. The workers children were responsible for the debt if the parents didn’t pay it off.

Pullman Strike continued: RESULTS ► During the major economic downturn of the early 1890s, George Pullman cut wages without reducing the workers’ rent and other expenses. Discontented workers decided to stage a strike. ► The strike effectively shut down production in the Pullman factories and led to a lockout. ► The strike was eventually broken up by 12,000 U.S Army troops ► President Grover Cleveland ordered the troops be sent in on the basis that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail. ► Federal Judge in Chicago issued an injunction against the strikers ordering them to stop striking. ► By the end of the strike 13 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded. An estimated $80 million worth of property was damaged ► Strikers were fired and replaced

CAUSES: Homestead Steel Strike: Workers went on strike for higher wages. Management refused to negotiate and locked out the workers, however the workers broke in and took control of the mill. Management hired the Pinkerton Police, which is a private security force, to take control back. 300 Pinkertons arrived by barge and were greeted by the workers. For 12 hours a battle ensued. The end result was the Pinkertons surrendered. The union lost most of its support.

RESULTS: Carnegie then requested help from the Pennsylvania National Guard to restore control over the strikers after the Pinkertons had failed. Carnegie replaced 1700 strikers with new workers called strike breakers (scabs).

Evaluation: Discuss and answer in your notes 1) What was the role of labor unions in trying to solve the problems of workers during industrialization? 2) What is your point of view of the helpfulness of unions during industrialization in making changes for workers? 3) What is your point of view on how helpful the government was? 4) What further changes do you think need to take place to improve the situations of the workers?