McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ETHICS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH Chapter 2

2-2 Learning Objectives Understand... What issues are covered in research ethics. The goal of “no harm” for all research activities and what constitutes no harm for participant, researcher, and research sponsor.

2-3 Learning Objectives Understand... Differing ethical dilemmas and responsibilities of researchers, sponsors, and research assistants. Role of ethical codes of conduct in professional associations.

2-4 Pull Quote “Today, it would be remiss to say that the privacy profession is anything but flourishing. Companies are increasingly hiring privacy officers and even elevating them to C-suite positions; the European Commission has proposed a statute in its amended data protection framework that would require data protection officers at certain organizations, and, at the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) membership recently hit 10,000 worldwide.” Angelique Carson, CIPP/US, International Association of Privacy Professionals

2-5 Ethical Issues and the Research Process

2-6 Types of Ethical Violations Violating disclosure agreements Violating disclosure agreements Breaking confidentiality Breaking confidentiality Misrepresenting results Misrepresenting results Deceiving participants Deceiving participants Padded invoices Padded invoices Avoiding legal liability Avoiding legal liability

2-7 Ethical Codes of Conduct

2-8 Ethical Treatment of Participants Do no harm Explain study benefits Explain participant rights and protections Obtain informed consent

2-9 Components of Informed Consent Researcher Intro Describe Survey Topic Describe geographic sample Reveal sponsor Describe purpose Good Faith Time Estimate Anonymity & confidentiality Voluntary Participation Item nonresponse acceptable Permission to begin

2-10 Characteristics of Informed Consent Elements Competent to Give Consent Adequately Informed Knowledge of Risks Voluntary Consent

2-11 Ethical Responsibilities Special guidelines apply to children! Informed consent means parental approval.

2-12 Deception Disguising non-research activities Camouflaging true research objectives

2-13 Reasons for Deception Prevent biasing participants Protect confidentiality of the sponsor

2-14 Debriefing Explain any deception Describe hypothesis, goal or purpose Share results Provide follow-up

2-15 Protect Participant Confidentiality Minimize instruments requiring ID Non- disclosure of data subsets Non- disclosure of data subsets Restrict access to ID Obtain signed nondisclosure Reveal only with written consent

2-16 Right to Privacy Right to refuse Prior permission to interview Prior permission to interview Limit time required

2-17 The U.S. Safe Harbor Agreement Security Notice Access Enforcement Choice Onward Transfer Data Integrity

2-18 Sponsor Confidentiality Sponsor Nondisclosure Purpose Nondisclosure Findings Nondisclosure

2-19 Unethical Behavior to Avoid Violating participant confidentiality Changing data Creating false data Changing data interpretations Changing data presentation Injecting bias in interpretations Omitting sections of data Making recommendations beyond scope of data

2-20 What To Do If Coerced? Educate on purpose Emphasize fact-finding role Explain problems Terminate Relationship

2-21 Principles of Effective Codes of Ethics Enforceable Specify Behavior Regulate Protect

2-22 Key Terms Code of ethics Confidentiality Debriefing Deception Ethics Informed consent Nondisclosure  Findings  Purpose  Sponsor Right to privacy Right to quality Right to safety

McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION OPPORTUNITIES Chapter 2

2-24 Snapshot: Location Based Services Know data collection, sharing procedures Appoint privacy trained personnel to ensure privacy Treat LBS as sensitive information Demonstrate informed consent Sensitive to parent expectations Stay current on privacy developments

2-25 Snapshot: Ethics of Mobile Surveys Recruiting Financial Disadvantage Privacy & Intrusion Tracking Behavior

2-26 Snapshot: Has Trust Trumped Privacy “91 percent of U.S. online adults worry to some degree about their privacy online, while 53 percent said they ‘don’t completely trust companies with their business online.” Privacy Fundamentalists PrivacyPragmatists Privacy Unconcerneds

2-27 Snapshot: Offshoring

2-28 Research Thought Leaders “[Privacy pragmatists are] often willing to allow people to have access to, and to use, their personal information where they understand the reasons for its use, where they see tangible benefits for so doing, and when they believe care is taken to prevent the misuse of this information.” Humphrey Taylor chairman of The Harris Poll® Harris Interactive.

2-29 PulsePoint: Research Revelation 89 The percent of consumer PCs infected with spyware.

2-30 PulsePoint: Research Revelation $944 The amount, in millions, that employers will lose this year due to employee fraud.

2-31 Procter & Gamble Admits to competitive intelligence gathering Contracted BI firm took documents from Unilever trash receptacles Out-of-court settlement rumored (and reported) at $10m

2-32 Ethical Approaches Ethical standards Ethical Relativism Deontology

2-33 Ethical Approaches Ethical Relativism Deontology How would you assess the P&G case using the two ethical approaches?

McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ETHICS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH Chapter 2

2-35 Photo Attributions