The Industrial Revolution Chapter 11, Section 1 (Page 378)

A Revolution In Technology 1700’s: The Industrial Revolution: The gradual replacement of hand tools by machines. Much of the power provided by people and horses was replaced first by flowing water, then by steam engines. 1760’s: The spinning jenny is invented, speeding up the process of thread making. 1764: Richard Arkwright invents the water frame, a spinning machine powered by running water provided by rivers. This led to textile mills built on the banks of rivers. The new mills created a new way of working, the factory system. The Factory System: Bringing workers and machinery together in one place.

A Revolution In Technology British business owners realize the potential of the factory system and invest large amounts of money into buildings and machines. Invest: To supply money for a project in order to make money. Capitalists: People who invest capital, or money, in a business to earn a profit. By 1784 British workers were producing 24 times the amount of thread they had in 1765.

Steam Power In dry seasons factories lost power due to lack of flowing water. 1790: Arkwright built the first steam powered textile plant. The steam powered engine was a more reliable source of power. Factories no longer had to be built on river banks. They could be built in cities, where young women and children provided cheap labor. England guarded the secrets of its industrial revolution. Workers were forbidden from sharing information about the machinery and from leaving the country.

The American Industrial Revolution 1789: Samuel Slater, an apprentice of Arkwright memorized machinery plans and immigrated to the United States, where he met Moses Brown a wealthy New Yorker. Slater built a machine based on Arkwright’s from memory, and opened a successful textile mill. 1812: US Industrialization grows due to the British blockade, cause by the War of 1812. Francis Cabot Lowell: Built improved versions of British machines, brought spinning and weaving of textiles into one building. After Lowell’s death, his business partners worked towards better conditions for their workers, and built a town, library, and hospital for their workers.

The Revolution Takes Hold Mass Production: The rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects. 1790’s: Eli Whitney develops interchangeable parts. Interchangeable parts: Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers. Efficient: Acting effectively, without wasted cost or effort.

Factory Life As time went on, conditions for workers became harsher. Children as young as 7 or 8 would work in steel foundries, coal mines, and textile factories. Factories were poorly lit, and there was little fresh air. Many workers were injured. Work days lasted 12 to 14 hours.

Chapter 11, Section 2 (page 390) The North Transformed Chapter 11, Section 2 (page 390)

Growth of Cities 1800’s: Due to the Industrial Revolution, US cities grew larger as families moved from rural areas into cities. Urbanization: The growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Urban Problems Influx of people Influx of waste Lack of proper sewage systems Filthy streets, contaminated drinking water Spread of disease.

Urban Problems City wide fires caused by machinery in wooden factories. Cities lacked official firefighters, causing rival firefighter companies to start fires.

The Growth of Northern Industry Samuel B. Morse invents the telegraph. Telegraph: A device that uses electrical signals to send messages. The mechanical reaper is invented by Cyrus McCormick, enabled farmers to cultivate more land and harvest their crops with less workers. 1846: Elias Howe invents a machine capable of sewing seams in fabric. Isaac Singer improves Howe’s design, creating the sewing machine. 1860: New England and the Middle Atlantic produce most of the nation’s manufactured goods.

A Transportation Revolution

The Challenges of Growth Chapter 11 Section 3 (page 401)

Moving West 1750’s The Scotch-Irish and the Germans of Pennsylvania began settling west, toward the Appalachian Mountains Daniel Boone- Famous Pioneer. 1775- Boone and 30 men cleared a road to the west, “The Wilderness Road.” Due to immigrants moving to the west, between 1792 to 1819 eight states joined the Union: Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, and Alabama.

Roads and Turnpikes Early roads began as paths for animals. Private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads. Travelers would stop and pay at stations in order to pass. 1795- A private company builds a turnpike between Lancaster and Philadelphia, called The Lancaster Turnpike, the first long distance stone road in the United States. Corduroy roads- Roads made of sawed off logs, laid side by side. The National Road- The first federally funded road, built from 1811 to 1850, stretched from Maryland to Virginia to Illinois.

Canals Canal- A channel that is dug across land and filled with water. Canals were the fastest and cheapest way to ship goods.

The Extension of Slavery 1819- The US consisted of 11 “free states” and 11 “slave states.” Missouri, a new state wanted to be admitted as a slave state, but would throw off the balance. In 1819 it was proposed that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, but would be the last slave state to be admitted. The bill passed in the House of Representatives but failed in congress due to southern senators fear of the end of slavery.

The Missouri Compromise 1820- Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, keeping the balance. The compromise also stated that the territory of Louisiana would be free of slavery. Escaped slaves could be captured in free states and brought back to slave states.

A Continuing Problem South vs. North- The Missouri Compromise was supposed to balance the interests of the north and south. Southerners were upset that congress had given itself the power to make laws about slavery. Northerners were upset that slavery had spread to another state.