 The process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.  Bacteria, fungi and some plants reproduce asexually.  The process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring

 Label the male reproductive system with the following organs: › Testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra, penis  State the functions of each of the organs by completing the table provided. Sperm duct Penis Scrotum Around the urethra, secrete seminal fluids Produce the sperm Passes through the penis to release urine and semen

sperm duct (vas deferens) prostrate gland urethra penis scrotum testis bladder rectum

 Label the female reproductive system with the following organs: › Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina  State the functions of each of the organs by completing the table provided. Cervix Vagina Ovaries Where fertilisation occurs; transports ova to uterus Foetus develops in this muscular organ

oviducts ovaries uterus cervix vagina

 The human male gamete is called a sperm cell.  The human female gamete is the ovum or egg cell. SpermOvum Both constantly produced motile 200 – 500 million in one ejaculation 50 μm length Haploid nucleus -(1 set of single chromosomes) 110 μm in diameter 1 matures each month immotile (moves via cilia) Always contain X chromosome Contain either X or Y chromosome

 Menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining (period).  This occurs, on average, every 28 days in women who have gone through puberty.  Females are born with hundreds of immature egg cells in each ovary.  Every month, one follicle (containing an ovum) will mature. This is controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland.

 Day 1 of the 28 day cycle is the beginning of the period – the endometrium (lining of the uterus) is shed.  After menstruation is complete, the endometrium thickens to prepare for the implantation of the zygote.  If fertilisation occurs, the endometrium will remain thick to nourish the foetus.  If no fertilisation occurs, the endometrium is shed again.  All these changes are controlled by hormones.

 During the first half of the 28 day cycle, a follicle in one ovary will mature.  On day 14, the ovum (egg) is released from the ovary and is moved down the oviduct.  The follicle in the ovary continues to make hormones in preparation for implantation.  The ovum will survive for 24h and must be fertilised in this time for pregnancy to occur  If no fertilisation occurs, the ovum is shed in the next period and a new follicle develops. ovulation

 The fusion of a sperm cell and an ovum  Occurs in the oviduct following ovulation  Only one sperm in the millions of sperm ejaculated will fertilise the egg  The nucleus of the sperm joins to the nucleus of the egg, giving the zygote a full set of chromosomes