The High and Late Middle Ages Chapter 8 Page 242 1050-1450

Section 1 Royal Power Grows A. Between 1000 and 1300, monarchs across Europe began consolidating their power The modern nations would begin to emerge

B. English Kings Anglo Saxons conquered Britain Began calling it England Became more unified under King Edward However, Edward died without heir Nobles chose Harold However, William, Duke of Normandy said was promised throne Invaded and defeated Harold at Battle of Hastings Became William The Conqueror

Came up with Doomsday book William was French Came up with Doomsday book Better way to tax the people King Henry- 1154- educated Came up with common law- Jury- However, would start to have conflict with church Who had more power? Taxes each other? Henry’s hot headed knights???

C. Evolving Traditions of Govt King John-not a nice guy Lost lands in France to King Phillip II of France Was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III English Nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta- 1. 2 Also guaranteed Due Process of the Law and Habeas corpus

Development of Parliament English Kings would summon Parliament to discuss certain items Eventually would become permanent with two houses House of Lords House of Commons Had the power to levy taxes

D. Successful Monarchs in France France remained a patchwork of power lords much longer than England Hugh Capet in 987 was elected King of areas around Paris Eventually, his ancestors would consolidate the lands of France Capetian Kings lasted 300 years- hereditary

Phillip II- Ruthless, conquered lands that English Nobles held in France Louis IX and Saint- very pius- crusaded for the church and was sainted 30 years after his death However, Louis grandson Phillip the IV clashed with church- tried to tax church Eventually, papacy was “kidnapped” and brought back to Avignon France Estates General?

Section 2 The Holy Roman Empire and the Church A. The Holy Roman Empire During 1000’s, the power of monarchs was on the rise in Europe Popes struggled to keep power over these monarchs Holy Roman Empire

B. Otto I 962- Otto helps pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles Crowns him Emperor of Holy Roman Empire Mostly Modern day Germany and Italy Tried to keep control, but local control dominated Local lords

C. Feud between Pope and Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII would come into conflict Who had more power? Church or State Gregory banned Lay investiture- put church under state jurisdiction Gregory excommunicated Henry Henry backed down Concordat of Worms- compromise

D. Struggle for Italy Frederick Barbarossa becomes Holy Roman Emperor Tries to take over all of Italy His son Frederick II also failed to take Italy Germany remained disunited for almost 600 more years

E. Church Power Reaches Its Height Pope Innocent III declared Papal supremacy over all monarchs Any leader who defied him, he excommunicated 1209- launched Albigensian Crusade in Southern France that killed Christians that did not adhere to official church doctrine

Section 3 The Crusades and the Wider World A. Loss of the Holy Land In the 1000’s, world cultures were beginning to interact more and more Byzantine empire came into conflict with Seljuk Turks The lost Asia Minor and more importantly the Holy Land-1071 Holy Pilgrimages could not cross into Muslim lands

B. The Crusades Byzantine Emperor Alexius I called on Pope Urban II for Christian aid to put fight against Muslims Council of Clermont 1095- Pope called on Christians to liberate Holy Land GOD WILLS IT Thousands of Knights converge on Jerusalem Religion, wealth, honor, adventure

Second Crusade- Sent to reinforce the Crusader states Pope had motives too Increase papal power Bring Eastern Orthodox back under pope’s control First Crusade- Actually succeeded in taking Jerusalem- established 4 crusader states Slaughtered everyone in the city Second Crusade- Sent to reinforce the Crusader states Failed, Muslims took Jerusalem Muslim Leader Saladin

3rd Crusade- Failed to retake Jerusalem Famous Crusade- Richard the Lion Hearted 4th Crusade- Got sidetracked- Actually sacked the Christian city of Constantinople 5th Crusade- Also Failed Last Christian stronghold fell in 1204- Port of Acre

C. Impact of the Crusade Crusaders brought back goods from foreign countries they would continue to want Economy’s based on currency Needed money to raise armies Church’s power rose and declined Power of Monarchs increased Europeans would continue to expand their influence into the rest of the world

D. The Reconquista Religious intolerance would continue Muslim Moors had conquered Spain Ferdinand and Isabella would finish Reconquista to expel Muslim invaders which took 200 years Completed in 1492 Then expelled Jews and Muslims Inquisition- get rid of heretics and other religions in Spain

Section 4 Learning and Culture Flourish A. Medieval Universities Emerge 1100’s- Gov’t bureaucracies and clergy need educated people to handle daily business Universities spring up around Europe- Salerno and Bologna Students life 5am to 10 am classes, lunch, classes to 5 pm, rest of night to study Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic Attending 3 to 7 years

B. Europeans Acquire “New” Learning 1100’s, Muslims had translated Greek and Roman literature This was translated into Latin which was brought to Europe Some classical studies contradicted church teachings Scholasticism- tried to use reason to reaffirm church teachings- all should lead to same end

Thomas Aquinas- Faith and reason New Approaches to Science and Math Studied Greek and Roman methods Adopted Arabic numerals instead of Roman numerals

C. Medieval Literature Works begin appearing in the Vernacular- language of the region- English- French Epics- Song of Roland Dante’s Divine Comedy- Dante Alighieri- journey from Heaven to hell Canterbury Tales- Geoffrey Chaucer

D. Architecture and Art Early Cathedrals dark and enclosed Gothic Style- Relied on Flying Buttresses to hold up huge church ceilings- could then leave large windows to let in large amounts of light Stained Glass Windows- Illuminations-

Section 5 A Time of Crisis A. Black Death 1347- traders from Genoa arrive in Messina bringing the Bubonic Plague It shortly spreads through the rest of Europe and parts of Asia Kills 1 in 3 Spreads from flees on rats to people Epidemic kills millions

Normal life breaks down Many think God is punishing the earth Jews and other religions blamed Inflation and wages rise Some people isolate themselves Much land is converted to herding grounds putting many out of work Takes 100 years to recover from effects of the plague

B. Upheaval in the Church Many monks and priest killed Pope moved to Avignon France- living in Luxury Sometimes as many as 3 popes fighting for control Schism Eventually, all popes discredited and compromise pope Martin V elected and sent back to Rome

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus lead many away from church Why do priest live in such luxury? They are corrupt Translate Bible into English and other languages Don’t have to rely on the church Many executed as heretics

C. Hundreds Year War Between 1337 and 1453 English try to hold onto French lands as France tries to unite it’s territory English Victories Crecy in 1346, Poitiers in 1356, Agincourt 1415 Longbow was deadly weapon

D. Joan of Arc 1429- 17 year old peasant claims sent by God Leads French Army to several victories Captured and burned as a witch However, rallied French to many victories Cannon also helped More powerful weapons made knights obsolete Castles and private armies became less powerful as monarchs turned to profession paid armies