Supreme Court decision that segregated schools are unequal and must desegregate “with all deliberate speed.” Overturns Plessy V. Ferguson

Thurgood Marshall: NAACP Defense Team Oliver Hill: NAACP Legal defense team in Virginia NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Legal)

Massive Resistance: Closing some schools to keep them from being integrated Establish private schools for whites White flight from urban areas and school systems

1 st Sit-In: Greensboro lunch counter Goal: End segregation in public facilities

White and black college students integrate buses and ride through the South testing and protesting Segregated bus station and rest stop facilities

“I Have a Dream”. Public opinion began to support Civil Rights legislation. The power of non- violent protest.

Bombing of 16 th Street Baptist Church by the KKK kills 4 little girls Boycotts and picketing of downtown stores King Arrested on traffic charge, writes Letter from a Birmingham Jail

The act prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. It also integrated public accommodations. President Lyndon Johnson pushes it through Congress

Attempt by SNCC to have white and black college students flood into Alabama and Mississippi during the summer of 1964 to register voters and run Freedom Schools for youth about citizenship and voting. Ran into lots of violent resistant, three Civil Rights Workers murdered.

Dr. King organized a march to raise awareness for voting rights in Selma, The non-violent protesters were attacked by the police with fire hoses and dogs. This raised public opinion to support a new voting rights law.

Outlawed literacy testing as a voting qualification. Federal registrars were sent to South to register the voters. Provided for marshals to investigate actions of discrimination. Resulted in large increase in black voting. Pushed through by Lyndon Johnson

Civil Disobedience; refusal to obey an unjust law and accept consequence (advocated by MLK) Non-violence; peaceful protest (advocated by MLK) Black Power: more militant movement of late 1960s which lost patience with non- violent protest (advocated by Black Panthers and Malcolm X)

Gunned down in the Audubon Ballroom in NYC by unknown assailants as he gave a speech on African- American unity.

Black power movement to secure black urban communities from police brutality and abuse Ten Point Plan for Self- Defense

April 4, 1968 Memphis, Tennessee

Increasing immigration in the 1990s especially from Latin America and Asia Reasons for Immigration: Political freedom, economic opportunity Effects: Bilingual education (English as a Second Language, ESL) Effects on public policy (ex. Signs in Spanish, US Policy towards Cuba) Politics/Voting Popularity of Ethnic food, music, and the arts Role in labor force

An increasingly large percentage of America’s labor force Many working mothers/Women in nontraditional jobs Issues of working women Need for affordable day care Equitable pay “Pink collar” ghetto (low prestige,low paying jobs) “Glass ceiling” (perception that career advancement for women is not equal to men)

Sandra Day O’ Connor: 1 st woman on the Supreme Court Sally Ride: 1 st woman astronaut

] Issues of working Mothers: Daycare, schedule, pregnancy leave, family health care ] Lesbian Rights Equal pay for equal work Using the court system to support workplace equality and payment of alimony and child support Increased rates of poverty for single Mothers Rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment Eating Disorders, Body Image, Abortion Global issues: poverty, abuse of women in war zones, education, health care, Patriarchical societies and religions