Source apportionment of the Fine Particulate Matter in Beijing during extremely heavy Haze Episodes Yangjun Wang, Shuxiao Wang, Yongtao Hu, Ted Russell.

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Source apportionment of the Fine Particulate Matter in Beijing during extremely heavy Haze Episodes Yangjun Wang, Shuxiao Wang, Yongtao Hu, Ted Russell

Beijing on Jan. 23, 2013

Simulation System  WRFV3.4/CAMx5.4 Mechanism  Land surface mechanism: PL-X  Radiation mechanism: rrtmg  Gas-phase/aerosol CB05&AERO5 Modeling domain  China and Jing-Jin-Ji region Horizontal Resolution:  36km×36km  12km ×12km Vertical layers  14 layers Time Period:  January 2013 Source Apportionment  Receptor: urban center of Beijing  15 emission regions Species  PM Model setup

2. Evaluation of Model Performance

City Predicted average (μg/m 3 ) Measured average (μg/m 3 ) Number of data pairs BIAS (μg/m 3 ) ERROR (μg/m 3 ) RMSE (μg/m 3 )FBIASFERRORIOA Beijing %67.98%0.647 Tianjin %49.01%0.678 Jinan %47.15%0.526 Quantitative evaluation of predicted PM 2.5 concentrations with hourly observations

Average modeled ground-level concentrations of PM2.5 in the second domain for January (LT) 3.1 modeled concentrations of PM Results and discussions

Temporal variation of contributions from different emission regions to PM 2.5 concentrations at the urban center of Beijing during January 06-23, 2013(LT) 3.2 Temporal variation of source apportionment results

Hourly distribution of velocity field and PBL on January 12, 2013(LT) (a) 17:00 (b) 18:00 (c) 19:00 (d) 20:00

Trajectories analysis

Temporal contribution percentages of emission regions toPM 2.5 concentrations in central Beijing during January 06-23,2013(LT) Average contribution percentages of different emission regions to PM 2.5 concentrations in central Beijing during January 06-23, 2013.

3.3 Contribution evolution during local dominated haze episodes

3.4 Contribution analysis in a non-local dominated case (January 13, 2013(LT))

(a) Beijing (b) JJJ_nonBeijing (c) other in D2(d) Boundary Condition

Average wind velocity field and PBL distribution in simulation domain during 10: :00 on January 13, 2013

Contribution percentages from regions on January 13,2013(LT)

4. Conclusions  Controlling local emissions will be the most important step and should be given priority for Beijing government to mitigate the extremely heavy haze pollution.  it is impossible to eliminate the haze episodes in Beijing without controlling emissions in other cities in Jing-Jin-Ji region, even in long-range cities.  The big contributors from outside Beijing are Shandong, Tangshan, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Cangzhou.

Acknowledgments: Tsinghua University Georgia Tech Peking University

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