1 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Canine Search Specialist Training STM Unit: Mapping

2 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Unit Objective Upon completion of this unit, you will possess a basic understanding of how maps are used for land navigation and be familiar with the practical applications of map reading for accurate navigation

3 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Enabling Objectives Define basic mapping terms Compare electronic and paper maps Describe position format and datum Interchange waypoints between GPS unit and paper map Use a map and GPS unit to navigate

4 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training The History of Maps Primary navigation tool for centuries Geospheric Earth to a flat map OBSOLETE Has GPS made maps OBSOLETE?

5 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Maps Maps incorporate projections and datums All maps distort Earth Different maps can be used with GPS Datum and coordinate system must match

6 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Reading Maps

7 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Reading Maps: USGS Topographical Title Top Right Corner Details Bottom Left Margin Who made map Datums UTM Zone USNG Zone Map Scale Center Bottom

8 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Reading Maps: USGS Topographical USNG Grid Reference Box / Legend Located in the Key section of map May be variations for the 100,000m Square Identifications U.S. National Grid 100,000-m Square ID Grid Zone Designation 18S TJ UJ THUH

9 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Map Scales Relationship between distance on ground and distance on map Most common  1:24,000 – 7.5 min Scale bars  Feet and miles  Meters and kilometers

10 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training GPS Map Datum Over 100 different Datums in GPS Listed on bottom of map Match map and GPS Datum’s World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) FEMA US&R Standard and Aircraft North American Datum 1927 (NAD 27)* USGS Topographical Maps * For Navigation in Continental United States NAD 27 CONUS

Meade Ranch (Clarke 1866) Projections and Datums of the United States

NAD27 (true position) NAD83/WGS84 WGS72 Bermuda 1957 NAD27 Greenland Datum Shift A set of coordinates can yield different positions due to different datums

User selects the datum and coordinate system for display purposes only. Receiver’s processor always performs calculations in WGS84 and Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF). Datum Coordinate System GPS Uses WGS84 and ECEF

14 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Coordinate Systems Different coordinates represent same location hddd 0 mm’ ss.s”: N ’ 55.8” X W ’ 14.1” (55.8” / 60 =.93’) hddd 0 mm.mmm’: N ’ X W ’ (40.93’ / 60 = ) hddd.ddddd 0 : N X W UTM/UPS:11T m E m N USNG/MGRS:11T NJ

15 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Setting GPS to North Set GPS to North, True or Magnetic. GPS is NOT a compass

16 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Key Points to Remember For FEMA GPS usage Set GPS Datum to WGS84 Set GPS Coordinate to hdddº mm.mmm’ OR MGRS / USNG Set GPS to North, True or Magnetic For USGS Topographical Maps Datum NAD27 (GPS to NAD27 CONUS) Coordinate to hdddº mm’ ss.s”

17 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Three Coordinate Systems Latitude and Longitude (Lat Long) N ’ 55.8” X W ’ 14.1” Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 11T m E m N United States National Grid (USNG) 11TNJ

18 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Latitude and Longitude

19 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Latitude and Longitude Coordinates expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds (hdddº mm’ ss.s”) Coordinate position is based from known reference point Known reference point is where Prime Meridian and Equator intersect Lat/long is predominant coordinate system

20 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Latitude and Longitude Point of Origin (0º, 0º) Prime Meridian Equator 10º 20ºW 30º10º 20º 30º E 10º 20º 30º 10º 20º 30º S N +

Point of Origin Equator (Latitude) Prime Meridian (Longitude) Latitude and Longitude

22 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Longitude Meridians that form ½ of a circle Designated as W or E of the Prime Meridian 0  Prime Meridian extends from North Pole to South Pole Meridians are angled and are not parallel 1  Longitude is 69 miles at Equator 1  Longitude is 29 miles at Artic Circle

10º 110º W 120º W 690 miles 460 miles 240 mi 10º Meridians of Longitude

24 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Latitude Equator is 0  latitude Parallel line distance never changes 1  Latitude = 69 miles anywhere

Latitude 0º Equator (Latitude) 30º N 10º S 40º W 30º W 20º W 10º W 690 miles

Determining Latitude and Longitude 30º N 50º W Equator (0º) Prime Meridian (0º) 30ºN, 50ºW Point of Origin

USGS 7.5’ Map Scale Right Scale to the Right Map Identify Longitude and Latitude side of scale Identify the scale increments LATITUDE LONGITUDE 7.5 min. scale 1:24,000 Typical USGS 1:24K 7.5 min Scale

Determining Longitude Longitude of square = 115º 19' 30" 115º 17' 30" 20’ 2.5 min Meridian Lines LATITUDE LONGITUDE 7.5 min. scale 1:24,000 Longitude is not parallel Place scale marks on longitude grid lines

Determining Latitude LATITUDE LONGITUDE 7.5 min. scale 1:24,000 44º 15' 00" 17' 30" 2.5 min Latitude of square = 44º 16' 50" Place scale marks on latitude grid lines Latitude is parallel

30 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Task A: Determining Lat/Long Cut out the provided scale from paper Using the provided worksheet, practice determining the lat/long of a given spot

31 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Task A: Determining Lat/Long (continued) Worksheet Answers A.N39º 29’ 15” W124º 4’ 50” B.N39º 29 25” W124º 3’ 45” C.N39º 28’ 05” W124º 4’ 50” D.N39º 28’ 51” W124º 4’ 15” A B D C

32 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

33 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) A coordinate system based on Lat/Lon Earth divided into 60 UTM zones Coordinates expressed as Easting and Northing Measured in meters

34 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training UTM (continued) Eastings start at 500,000 M at center line of Zone Northings center line is the Equator Northings start at “0” for Northern Hemisphere Northings start at 100,000 for Southern

Zones 20 Latitude Bands 21 G M W X 80º S 84º N D C E F H J K L N P Q R S T U V Latitude Bands 21 T T Zones Equator UTM Grid Overlay

UTM Zones in the United States Longitude

Equator 84 0 N 80 0 S UTM Zones Comparison

Anatomy of the UTM Zone m N increasing m N central meridian Equator decreasing 84 0 N m E increasing decreasing Equator

UTM Coordinates Coordinates on a USGS Topographic Map Example Zone 15 S mE mN Coordinates on a GPS unit Example 15 S UTM Zone UTM BandEasting in Meters Northing in Meters

40 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Map Tool: UTM Corner Ruler Map Preparation Tick Marks around Edge Pencil and ruler Mark UTM Grid Lines Map Preparation Tick Marks around Edge Pencil and ruler Mark UTM Grid Lines UTM Corner Ruler 10 Meter Accuracy Precision is the key to ACCURACY!

41 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Precision Versus Accuracy Precision: How small an area can be defined or plotted GPS lat/long coordinates: To 1/10 of a second UTM coordinates: To one meter Accuracy: How closely a GPS receiver can calculate its position relative to its true location Can vary from a few millimeters to several kilometers

Plotting UTM Coordinates House coordinates = mE mN UTM grid reader ,000 m Each tic = 100 meters on this grid reader (your grid reader has 20 meter tics ) Place the corner of the UTM grid reader on the point to be plotted

43 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Exercise: Plotting UTM Coordinates

1.Plot GPS position 10 S Locate

45 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Task B: Using USGS Map with GPS Receiver Draw lines to ‘grid off’ a USGS map Use a map scale aid to determine a series of coordinates on the map Convert coordinates using a GPS unit Plot coordinates from a GPS unit on a map (WGS84 and NAD27 Datums)

46 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training United States National Grid (USNG)

47 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training United States National Grid (USNG) Persons using different brand maps will be able to communicate using same grid system Paper maps that use the USNG will be easily used in conjunction with GPS receivers

48 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG (continued) Supplements conventional street addresses and provides locations away from the road network Department of Interior 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC USNG: 18SUJ (NAD 83)

49 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG (continued) A single system that can be taught to all citizens in the school system, and that can be used in any community across the nation Can be uniformly truncated at various levels of precision Basis for building a street and feature index database that can be used with any map product or device that uses the standard grid

50 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: How To Read Spatial Address Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. 18SUJ

51 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Coordinate Format Alpha-numeric reference system that overlays the UTM coordinate system A USNG spatial address is broken down into three parts 18S UJ Grid Zone Designation (World Wide) 100,000m Square ID (Regional) Grid Coordinates (Local)

52 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: World-Wide Unique Values The world is divided into 60 UTM Zones, each 6° degrees of longitude wide US is covered by Zones 10 through 19 US is covered by belts R, S, T, and U Washington, DC area falls within Grid Zone Designation 18S

USNG Grid Zone Designation R S T U N 24 0 N 32 0 N 40 0 N S UJ

54 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Regional Area 18S UJ USNG further divides the world into 100,000-meter squares Squares identified with two letter values Letters I and O are not used

55 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Local Area m E m N 18S UJ Read Right Then Up Read RIGHT to 23 then another 480 meters Read UP to 06 then another 470 meters 480m 470m

56 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Local Area Precision Abbreviate to the degree of precision you require within a local area 4 digits ,000m (neighborhood) 6 digits m (soccer field) 8 digits m (home) 10 digits m (parking spot)

57 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training square 10,000 meter Square 1 meter square meter square 1000 meter Square 10 meter square

58 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Power of Truncated USNG Values UJ Any two letter combination will not repeat but every 18º longitude and similar area latitude

59 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Grid Reference Box / Legend Located in the Key section of map May be variations for the 100,000m Square Identifications U.S. National Grid 100,000-m Square ID Grid Zone Designation 18S TJ UJ THUH

60 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG Notes: USNG is Interoperable with MGRS 1. USNG uses NAD83/WGS84 by default, NAD 27 must be explicitly noted: 14SUJ (NAD27) 2. USNG has unlimited precision. MGRS to 1 meter 3. USNG requires at least two digits following MGRS square letters 4. USNG can be written with separation:14 S UJ

61 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Creating Grid Search Areas Scale USNG to the search box size Number of digits determines scale size 4 digits ,000m (neighborhood) 6 digits m (soccer field) 8 digits m (home) 10 digits m (parking spot)

USNG: Search Grid – 4 Digit (1000m) 16R BU9261 – BU9360

USNG: Team Assignment Level Grid Large Scale Map Using 4 Digit Precision USNG (EX: BU9462) PA-TF1 TN-TF1 MD-TF

USNG: Team Level Grid Example RS-1 RS Large Scale Map Using 4 Digit Precision USNG (EX: BU921602)

65 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Review 18S UJ Grid Zone Designation (i.e., 18S) 100,000-meter Square Identification (i.e., UJ ) Grid coordinates are an even number of digits ranging from 2 to 10 (i.e., ) You always read RIGHT, then UP when plotting coordinates Customarily written as USNG: 18SUJ

66 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Task C: Using USGS Map with USNG Data Locate Using Los Angeles USGS Map LT SLT Armory County Jail Mary Knoll School

67 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Unit Summary and Evaluation

68 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Unit Summary Define basic mapping terms Compare electronic and paper maps Describe position format and datum Interchange waypoints between GPS unit and paper map Use a map and GPS unit to navigate

69 National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Unit Evaluation Please complete the evaluation for this unit