 Crowds are types of Aggregates  They are always temporary  They always have some sort of common interest, focus of attention or objective

 Casual Crowds  Individuals in the crowd mind their own business  Individuals maintain their own privacy and isolation  Does not affect individuals’ behaviour profoundly

 Expressive:  Shows emotion in various ways  Has a leader or a focus of attention that influences the crowd  Can be incited to change into the third type of crowd.

 Active  Involves physical activity and a specific goal  Tend to have a lot of influence on the values and behaviours of individuals.  Individuals are more open to being swayed  Can become an aggressive mob or a riot

 Conformity  Key researcher Solomon Asch  Interested in situations where a person would act against their own instincts and insights to conform to a grou p.

 Diffusion of Responsibility  Phenomenon where a person is less likely to take responsibility for a situation with others present because they assume that someone else will take action. Comes into effect with 3 or more people, and increases with more people.  Bystander Apathy  Also called the ‘Bystander Effect.’  A Phenomenon where individuals do not offer to help a victim with others present. The chances of apathy increase with the size of the group.

 Murder in New York City in 1964 that prompted sociologists and social psychologists to study and define the ‘bystander effect.’  Kitty was attacked when coming home from work in NYC at 3:15 in the morning. The attacker stabbed her, left, came back and stabbed her again and raped her.  About 12 neighbours heard the attack happening but no one called the police until 2 hours after the first stabbing. Kitty died on the way to the hospital.