Finish up APA style Ethics Ethics Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology

Announcements Quiz 4: Due tonight (by midnight) Exam 1: on Monday Mixture of multiple choice and short answer University college writing help: Online CITI ethics training due week 5

APA style: Parts of a research report Abstract Body Introduction Methods Participants Materials/Apparatus Design Procedure Results Discussion References The rest Authors Notes, Footnotes, Tables, Figures & Captions The basic parts of a research article:

Body Results (state the results but don’t interpret them here) Verbal statement of results Tables and figures These get referred to in the text, but actually get put into their own sections at the end of the manuscript Statistical Outcomes Means, standard deviations, t-tests, ANOVAs, correlations, etc. The basic parts of a research article:

Body Results (state the results but don’t interpret them here)  Reading checklist 1) Did the author get unexpected results? 2 a) How does the author interpret the results? b) How would YOU interpret the results? c) What implications would YOU draw from these results? Writing checklist Is it clear how the hypotheses are tested by the analyses? Would a graph or table help clarify the results? What questions might the reader still have, and how could I answer them in this section? The basic parts of a research article:

Body Discussion (interpreting the results) Relationship between purpose and results Theoretical (or methodological) contribution Implications Future directions (optional)  Reading checklist Does YOUR interpretation or the authors' interpretation best represent the data? Do you or the author draw the most sensible implications and conclusions? Writing checklist Have you stated your most convincing argument? Do the conclusions follow straightforwardly from the results?

The references References Author’s name Year Title of work Publication information Journal Issue Pages Adolescent Depression 29 References Barnett, P. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988). Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 104. Beck, A. T. (1978). Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Benoit, D., Vidovic, D., & Roman, J. (1991, April). Transmission of attachment across three generations. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Benoit, D., Zeanah, C. H., & Barton, M. L. (1989). Maternal attachment disturbances in failure to thrive. Infant Mental Health Journal, 3, Benoit, D., Zeanah, C. H., Boucher, C., & Minde, K. (1989). Sleep disorders in early childhood: Association with insecure maternal attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, When something odd comes up, don’t guess. Look it up!

Ethics Ethics – people should be treated as ends not means

Ethical Responsibilities in Research Two basic categories of ethical concerns: Need to consider the rights of our participants in our research Need to behave ethically as scientists and practitioners

Ethical Responsibilities in Research Two basic categories of ethical concerns: Need to consider the rights of our participants in our research Need to behave ethically as scientists and practitioners

Using humans in research For the most part the researcher has the power You know what is going to be done to the participants Participants may feel like they have to do it Consider the Milgram (1963) study demonstrated how far people may go to obey authorities This study itself exemplifies the need for strict rules of ethics

Consider ethics at each step Does the topic/idea for the research have some ethical issues surrounding it? How are participants selected? What methods may be used on the participant population? What measurement techniques will be used? What design is appropriate? How are the data analyzed? How are the results reported? Ethical Responsibilities in Research

Respect for persons – “All individual human beings are presumed to be free and responsible persons and should be treated as such in proportion to their ability in the circumstances.” Basic courtesy Informed consent Debriefing Avoid deception Beneficence - ”Do good and avoid harm" Protection from harm Cost/Benefits analysis Confidentiality Justice – “Everyone is entitled to equal access to basic care necessary for living in a human way. “ Freedom from coercion Equal chances of participation Belmont Report & APA’s code of ethics

Informed consent Information to allow a person to decide if they want to participate (sample in lab manual pgs 26-27) Basic purpose of the study Participation is voluntary Risks involved Benefits involved Rights to refuse or terminate participation Assent - guardians if participants are not competent e.g., children, developmentally disabled people

Using deception in research Types Passive deception Withholding information about the study Active deception Deliberately misleading participants Avoid it when possible Consider alternatives to deception Role-playing When not possible to avoid Make sure that you are up front with all possible risks Potential results must be worth it Must debrief participants as soon as possible (either right after participation or as soon as project is over)

Costs/Benefits analysis Costs: all potential risks to the participants Physical harm Psychological harm Loss of confidentiality Benefits: the “good” outcomes Direct benefits to participants Benefits to knowledge base Benefits to world at large

Institutional Review Board IRB Criteria Minimize risk Benefits > Risks Equal opportunity sampling Informed consent Documentation of consent Data monitoring Privacy & Confidentiality Monitoring of ethics

Scientific Integrity Fraud prevention Replication – repeat a research study to validate results Peer Review – critical analysis of research by peers in the same area Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s work or ideas Avoided by citing the ideas or words of others Two basic categories of ethical concerns: Need to consider the rights of our participants in our research Need to behave ethically as scientists and practitioners (Integrity, Fidelity & Responsibility)

Exam 1 Exam 1: 10% of final grade Short answer & multiple choice Covers – lectures, textbook, lab material Textbook Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 8