Chapter 1 Civilization

Rewind: Neolithic Revolution Paleolithic Age Ice Age Nomads Hunter/gathers Neolithic Revolution Farming = permanent settlements MORE FOOD = MORE PEOPLE!!!!

The Nomads Not everyone “permanent” Slash and burn agriculture Farm intensively until soil deplete then move Tribal bands Herding peoples “Barbarians”, “Savages”

Advantages of Agriculture Improvements Middle East, China, parts of Africa, and India Irrigation Encouraged large settlements Defense

Catal Huyuk Neolithic village Unusually large Religion Trade Southern Turkey Founded 7000 B.C.E. Unusually large Lots of houses, few windows Lived on rooftops Religion Devoted to Agriculture Trade 5500 B.C.E. Skilled toolmakers and jewelers developed Government Ruled over small communities Cities developed Kings Civilization 3000 B.C.E.

Characteristics of Civilization From the Latin word City Five Features Cities Job Specialization Complex Institutions Record Keeping Advanced Technology

The Rise of Cities The main feature of Civilizations are cities. The word civilization comes from the Latin word for city A city is not just distinguished by population Should be a center of trade for a larger area The first cities arose around river valleys. The water brought nutrients (silt), to the lands near the river when it flooded, making lands near the river fertile. When farmed properly, fertile lands produced food surpluses, or extra food.

Job Specialization With food surpluses many people could do other occupations beside farming Called specialized workers Example: metal working, weaving, masonry, public entertainers Scribes kept account of the material wealth for the ruler and other wealthy people 1st written language was cuneiform Developed in Sumer around 3000 B.C.E.

Social Classes One effect of job specialization was the creation of a hierarchy Hierarchy: People became ranked according to their job as societies became bigger Example: 1. Priest 2. Merchants 3. Artisans 4. Farmers

Complex Institutions Government In order to feed large amounts of people centralized control was necessary The more people there were, more laws were needed, more taxes, more royal officials (police), government departments Creation of the first City-States, a political unit consisting of a city and surrounding lands usually lead by one ruler.

Complex Institutions Religion Early civilizations were polytheistic Became a formal institution Temple became center of city life Early civilizations were polytheistic they worshiped many gods The favor of the gods was needed so that their civilization could be successful Full time priests were employed to make sacrifices to the gods, and chart the heavens for times to plant.

Record Keeping As civilizations grew, writing was necessary for people to know laws, and keep account of items Ability to send messages Keep records With this a new occupation arose (Scribes) Tax more efficiently Make contracts and treaties More organization Eventually people began to write for other reasons

Advanced Technology New tools and techniques emerged as ways to solve problems Irrigation created to deal with droughts To ensure order and safety civilizations built roads, bridges, fortified walls, built dams and dikes to hold water. In complex civilizations arts flourished to give the people a sense of security, civic pride and the power of their civilization. New job of Artisans. Artisans relied on new technology as well Potter’s wheel Creation of Bronze Around 3000 B.C.E. Called the “Bronze Age” k

Four Centers of Civilization Middle East Tigris-Euphrates Egypt Nile River Kush India Indus River Valley China Yellow River Valley

Partner Work Using the following slide, fill out your chart Be sure to fully answer the question (Does Sumer meet the criteria of a civilization) on the BACK of your chart Both charts must be filled out

Civilization? Ur was one of the earliest cities in Sumer Located on the banks of the Euphrates River (Southern Iraq) Characteristics Agriculture The people of Ur created irrigation ditches to water their fields in the dry climate Government officials help plan and direct this public works project City Life Ur was a walled city Majority of people lived within walls The market and artisans were located within the wall Such as metal workers Trade City dwellers traded for goods using a barter system Exchange of goods Religion The temple was Ur’s most important building (Ziggurat) Scribes recorded religious rituals on cuneiform tablets