The mixing of Indo-European Aryans with native Dravidian Indians India part II 1500-500bce The mixing of Indo-European Aryans with native Dravidian Indians

Indo-Europeans (Aryans) Central Asian tribes Nomadic people Great warriors Domesticated the horse Early iron workers

Aryan (Indo European) Migration 1800BCE from Turkinistan through Kyber pass to India

Kyber Pass Only land route between middle east and India for trade and invasion Still important today – India and Pakistan both trying to control it

Aryan Political System Ruled by a king and local rulers Many City states Brought Horses and advanced weapons to India (conquered India) duty of the king was the protection of his subjects, property, defense and maintenance of peace culture spreads from the Indus to the Ganges River Spoke Sanskrit

Economy – Iron Age begins Small self-sufficient agricultural communities Iron Technology used for farm tools increased food production (rice) Weapons Barter system common

Religion Indian gods continue to be worshipped Aryans bring new gods and Scriptures called Vedas Combine to create Hinduism

Ayran/Hindu Social Structure Social Structure used by Aryans to control native Indians since warriors and priests are top Brahmins – warriors, priests Kshatriyas – rulers, warriors Vaishyas – farmers, merchants, artisans Sudras – laborers Dalits (untouchables) – unpleasant, polluted jobs; not directly owned by others. Strict segregation among castes. All based on the tribal concept of the Ayrans that people are NOT equal Done

Aryan/Vedic Civilization 1500-500BCE Hindu Vedic Philosophy oldest written texts in India Veda means “Knowledge” in Sanskrit. Vedas inform and guide Hindus like the Bible guides Christians and the Koran guides Muslims

Upanishads: literally means sitting in front of later Hindu Vedas (often poetic) that teach the metaphysical foundations of the Hindu faith Hare (ha-ray) Krishna’s war poem is the most important of the Upanishads

The Ancient Vedic Hymns Rig Veda - Knowledge of Hymns, almost 11,000 verses “There is only one truth, only men describe it in different ways.“ Ayur Veda - Knowledge of Medicine, over 100,000 verses Yajur Veda - Knowledge of Liturgy, 3,988 verses Sama Veda - Knowledge of Classical Music, 1,549 verses Upanishads Jyotisha – Astrology and Astronomy. Kalpa – Rituals and Legal matters. Siksha – Phonetics. Aitareya – Creation of the Universe, Man and Evolution. Kama Sutra - Knowledge of Love and Sex Chandogya – Reincarnation, Soul. Kaushitaki – Karma. Kena – Austerity, Work, and Restraint. Dharnur Veda – Science of Archery and War. Mundaka – Discipline, Faith and warning of Ignorance. Sulba Sutra – Knowledge of Mathematics Yoga Sutra - Knowledge of Meditation

Vedic Age ends with Invasions of Darius and Alexander

Alexander