Language Journey from NL to SL

Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis Prator (1967) Level 0Transfer  English and Spanish vowels; word order  NL item is the same in SL Level 1Coalescence  Two items in NL are one item in SL  English (his/her) to su (3 rd person possessive) Level 2Underdifferentiation  English possessive ‘s (The man’s bike)  NL item not in SL Level 3Reinterpretation  NL item given new shape in SL  Bother in English is molestar in Spanish Level 4Overdifferentiation  NL item not in SL  GustarEl hombre es mortal for Man is mortal Level 5Split  NL item is two or more items in SL  Ser and Estar and Tener for be verb

Markedness Differential Hypothesis Echman (2004) Marked items are more difficult to learn than unmarked items. Example of the article a and the article an. An is marked because it has one more feature than the unmarked form of a.

Error Analysis Error vs Mistake  Mistake is slip of the tongue and are often self- corrected  Error is a deviation from the 1L and reflects the competence of the learner. Errors are not self- corrected.

Types of Errors (Lennon 1991) Addition, Omission, Substitution, Ordering  Does can he sing?  I went to movie (the)  I lost my road (road for another word)  I to the store went Global and Local Errors  Global: Well, it’s a great hurry around.  Local: John run down the street.

Source of Errors Interlingual:From NL to SL  Ship is pronounced Sheep by a Spanish speaker learning English IntralingualWithin SL  Omission of the before unique nouns Sun is very hot

Intralingual Errors (Richards 1971) Omission of the before nouns of nationality  Spaniards and Arabs Before nouns made particular in context  She goes to bazaar every day Before superlatives  Richest person Before noun modified by a phrase  Institute of Nuclear Physics

Intralingual Errors Addition of the before proper nouns  The Sunday Before abstract nouns  The friendship, Before nouns behaving like abstract nouns  After the school, after the breakfast Before plural nouns  The complex structures are still developing Before some  The some knowledge is necessary.

Intralingual Errors Use of a instead of the before superlatives  A worst fight, a best boy, Before unique nouns  A sun becomes red Addition of a before uncountables  A gold, a work Before a plural noun qualified by an adjective  A holy places, a human beings Omission of a before class nouns defined by adjectives  He was good boy, he was brave man

Stages of Language Development (Corder 1973) 1.Random Stage 1.John cans sing to John can singing to John can to sing. 2.Emergent State 1.I go to New York / You’re going to N.Y? / What? / You will go to New York? / Yes / When? / 1972 / Oh, you went to NY in 1972 / Yes, I go Systematic Stage 1.Many fish are in the lake. These fish are serving in the restaurants near the lake. / The fish are serving? / Oh, no, the fish are being served in the restaurants. 4.Stabilization Stage 1.Self-correction, Few errors, mastered the SL

Types of Instruction Functional Instruction  Communicative methods, Few corrections of errors, Real life use of language Form-Focused Instruction  Focus on specific errors

Categories of Error Treatment (Williams 2005 ; Ellis 2001; Lyster 2004) RecastRepeats the correct answer  I lost my road  I see, you lost your way. ClarificationAsks for clarification  I want practice today  I’m sorry? MetalinguisticProvides explanation of error  I am here since January  Well, okay, but remember we talked about the present perfect tense?

Categories of Error Treatment (Williams 2005 ; Ellis 2001; Lyster 2004) ElicitationGives prompts to self-correct  What means this word?  Uh, Luis, how do we say that in English? What does… / Ah, what does this word mean? ExplicitGives clear correction  When I have 12 years old  No, not have. You mean, when I was 12 years old RepetitionRepeats the correct form  When I have 12 years old  When I was 12 years old