King Philip II of Spain & Queen Elizabeth I of England

King Philip II of Spain Charles V Philip II 1556-1598 ruled over Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, the colonies in the Americas & the Holy Roman Empire poor leadership, so he abdicated the throne, to live in a monastery his son Philip received Spain etc. & his brother, the Holy Roman Empire Philip II 1556-1598 Spanish greatness: politically & culturally defeated the Turkish Navy at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 Crusader for Roman Catholicism: “Most Catholic King” leader of the Counter Reformation Belgium & the Netherlands (mostly Calvinist): part of Philip II’s Spanish Empire Philip II tried to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands William the Silent, Prince of the House of Orange, led the resistance 1609 truce: northern states free → United Provinces of the Netherlands Greatest part of the Spanish Empire: Central & South America, with some influence in North America

Queen Elizabeth I of England Queen Elizabeth I (reigned 1558-1603) head of State/Church Church of England = Protestant, but moderate (Anglican → Episcopalian) supported the weaker country (France/Spain) to keep the balance of power in Europe King Philip II of Spain wanted take over England & end Protestantism (tried marriage & did not work) → Spanish Armada: fleet of warships 1588 England won naval battles vs. Spanish Armada: a storm sent the Armada off-course & destroyed most of their ships, off coast of Scotland (“Protestant wind”) internal threats: Mary, Queen of Scots (her cousin) no heir: Mary’s son, James, becomes king!

Spanish Armada Mary: Queen of Scots

Queen Elizabeth I vs. King Phillip II & the Spanish Armada Queen Elizabeth's Confrontation: Spanish Ambassador Queen Elizabeth’s Battle Speech: Spanish Armada The Battle of Gravelines vs. Spanish Armada (1588 Storm)

Revolutions in England James IV of Scotland: new king of England upon Elizabeth’s death (James I of England) divine right of kings: kings receive power from God & are only responsible to God for actions conflict with Parliament: king/queen & Parliament ruled together Puritans: wanted the Church of England to be more Protestant (purify the Church) conflict with the King, led to fleeing to the Americas (i.e. the Pilgrims)

James I

English Civil War Charles I fought Parliament & Puritans (arrested dissenters for treason) 1642 Oliver Cromwell leads Parliamentary war vs. king Roundheads (Cromwell) defeated Cavaliers (King) Charles I executed January 30, 1649 (scared Europe!) Cromwell: military dictator until death 1658 Restoration of Parliament & the King (Charles II) 3 children of Charles II: Catholic son (James II) & 2 Protestant daughters (Mary & Anne) Parliament wanted to get rid of James II invited his sister, Mary & her husband, William of Orange (…of Holland) to “invade” England 1st got to this slide- 11/2/12

English Civil War

Glorious Revolution William & Mary “invaded” James II & his family fled “Glorious Revolution”: almost NO bloodshed 1689 William & Mary officially King/Queen after signing English Bill of Rights: Parliament makes laws, sets taxes & consents to military acts citizens: bear arms, jury trials & habeas corpus sets foundation for limited/constitutional monarchy Thomas Hobbes: horrified by revolutions wrote Leviathan: humans obsessed with self-preservation & thus societies need strong governments to protect citizens saw life as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”

Glorious Revolution

In Review… GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Succession of English monarchs: Elizabeth I (Tudor): NO heir (ends Tudor line) James I (Stuart): Elizabeth’s nephew Charles I (Stuart): James I’s son CIVIL WAR Oliver Cromwell Charles II (Stuart): Charles I’s son RESTORATION James II (Stuart): Charles II’s son William & Mary (of Orange): Charles II’s daughter GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Anne: Charles II’s daughter & Mary’s younger sister Stuart line ends with NO heirs. House of Hanover (from German provinces) begins!

Frederick William of Prussia Peter the Great of Russia Henry IV Philip II of Spain Elizabeth I of England James I & sons William & Mary Louis XIV of France Frederick William of Prussia Peter the Great of Russia Political Achieve-ments became king of England, from Scotland Religious Policy -conflict with Puritans -Divine right of kings Military success or failure failure of Charles I against Roundheads Domestic policy -conflict with Parliament -divine right of kings Foreign policy closer ties to France Innova-tions Charles I: first king to be tried & killed by people Kingdom at monarch’s death divided

Closure #1 Explain the reasoning for the: 1. English Civil War 2. Restoration of the Stuarts on the English throne 3. Glorious Revolution with William & Mary

Epitaph for Absolutists Create an epitaph for an absolute monarch! Include: -Name -Date they ruled or lived -Country -Catchy sentences with at least 3 facts about the person & what they did. Must be in color. Must draw the actual headstone or gravestone. Must be attractive & accurate. Will be hung outside…so make them NICE!

Homework Chapter Review: pgs. 562- 563 Complete all of the respective questions. Exclude the internet question!