AP BIOLOGY BIG IDEA #3 GENETICS AND INFORMATION TRANSFER BIG IDEA #2 CELLULAR PROCESSES CHAPTER 13, 31 (FUNGI), 38 (PLANTS), 46 (ANIMALS) MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Basic Sexual Life Cycle

Process of Meiosis

Questions about meiosis: Which is more like mitosis, meiosis I or II? Explain? When do sister chromatids separate? When do homologous chromosomes line up? How many times does S phase (interphase) occur? How do the cells produced by meiosis compare to the original cells?

MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ALLOW FOR INCREASED VARIATION IN OFFSPRING: INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF CHROMOSOMES CROSSING OVER RANDOM FERTILIZATION

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF CHROMOSOMES

CROSSING OVER

RANDOM FERTILIZATION

Animals and plants have evolved structures to aid in sexual reproduction: Animals: Reproductive systems & associated hormonal control. Plants: Flowers Investigation Question #1: How do plants avoid self-reproduction?

Mechanisms for avoiding self-reproduction: Plants can be separate sexes (monecious). Plants can have flowers that are separate sexes. Plants can have flowers that have both male and female parts but avoid “selfing” by: Structural incompatibility Temporal incompatibility Genetic incompatibility Your job in lab will be to collect evidence to determine how Allostromeria species avoids self- reproduction!

Germination of Seeds Investigation #2 Experimental Question: Does temperature have an effect on germination? Design an experiment to determine if warm or cool temperatures will impact the germination of seeds.

Investigation #3: Observing the process of meiosis in fungal spores

Patterns show crossing over:

Use the Lab Bench as a guide to help you understand what data you are collecting about your sample fungi: Experimental Question: What is the crossing over frequency of your Sordaria fungus? n2.html

You will maintain a lab notebook for the genetics unit: This lab notebook will be assigned a 100 point grade: 1)Flower reproduction lab 2)Seed germination lab 3)Crossing over fungi lab 4)Embryo observations 5)Chi square and corn lab 6) Genetics problem set